Population Studies

Population Studies

1. Rapid Rate of growth began in the 19th CE and continued to the 20th CE

   • Population Explosion/ Exponential Growth
     • Number of births exceeded the number of deaths
     • Technological Advances
       • Improved medical care,hygiene,increased food supply
         • Allow people to live longer and babies to survive better
     • "Population is increasing at a faster and faster rate "

2. Demography

   • " Study of population statistics and the forecasting of future population trends "
   • Demographic Concepts
     • Death Rate
       • " Number of deaths per thousand people per year"
       • High Death Rate
         • High Infant Mortality Rates
           • " Number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand live births in one year "
         • Low life expectancy
           • " average number of years a person born in any country is expected to live "
     • Birth Rate
       • " number of live births per thousand people per year"
     • Natural Increase
       • Number of births greater than deaths
     • Natural Decrease
       • Number of deaths greater than births
     • Zero Population Growth
       • Birth rate is equal to the death rate. No natural change

3. Population Change

   • Natural Increase
   • Natural Decrease
   • Migration
     • " Movement of people from one place to another"
     • Immigration
       • " Movement of people into a country "
     • Emigration
       • " Movement of people out of a country "
     • Net Migration
       • " Difference between immigration and emigration on an area's population"

4. Demographic Transition Modal

   • "Shows a sequence of birth rates and death rates over a period of time "
     • The process from growing from a developing stage to a more economically developed stage"
   • Stage 1
     • HBR
       • Not Educated/Not well informed about family planning
       • High IMR ( Infant Mortality Rate ) so more births to ensure that at least some will survive
       • Farm Hands ( Agriculture )
       • women's child bearing years are longer as they marry at a younger age, therefore potential number of births is very high
       • male heir to carry on the family name
     • HDR
       • Poor Hygiene,Sanitation,Healthcare,Medical care,Malnutrition
   • Stage 2/3
     • Falling Death Rates
       • Urbanisation
         • Industrial and Scientific Revolution
           • More scientific break throughs
       • Improved healthcare,sanitation,hygiene and medical care
         • Lower infant mortality rates
         • Higher life expectancy
     • Population Explosion
       • HBR
         • Still the norm for women to marry at a young age
   • Stage 4
     • Late expanding
     • Falling Birth Rates
       • Political - Anti- natalist policy
         • e.g. China,Singapore
       • High Costs of bringing up children
       • Too Busy to start a family ( Career-Minded society )
       • Longer periods of attaining higher education and thus women tend to have children later
       • demographic economic paradox
         • "The higher the degree of education and GDP per capita of a human population, the fewer children are born in any industrialized country."
     • LDR
       • Same as Stage 2
     • Developed Countries
   • Stage 5
     • LBR
       • Refer to stage 4
       • Ageing Population due to high life expectancy
         • Shrinking work force
     • LDR
       • Refer to stage 2/3
       • Over-successful anti-natalist policy
     • Post industrial times
       • Fertility rate below replacement level
     • E.g. Japan