-ing & infinitive

-ing & infinitive

1. 1. Infinitive form

   • Full infinitive (to + infinitive)
     • a. To express purpose
       • Example: She comes to the office to get her work done.
     • b. After: would like, would love, would prefer
       • Example: I would like to be a teacher.
     • c.After: the first/ second/ next/ last/ best, etc. instead of a relative clause
       • Example: I'm the second person to know that story.
     • d. After certain nouns (pleasure, shock, etc.)
       • Example: He was shocked when he found out the cat's death.
     • e. After some, any, no and their compounds
       • Example: they will make window for my kitchen.
     • f. After the following structures :
       • It + be + adjective + (of/ for + object)
       • So + adjective + as, in formal or polite requests
       • Example: You are very nice in your new dress.
     • g. With too/ enough:
       • Example: This job too hard for me to work.
       • too + adjective/ adverb
       • enough + noun
       • adjective/ adverb + enough
     • h. After only, for emphasis or expressing disappointment
       • Example: I went through Hue only to get to Nha Trang.
     • i. at the beginning of the sentence, as a subject or in fixed expression (to be honest, to tell you the truth, to begin with, etc.)
       • Example: To tell you the truth is a bad thing for me.
     • k. After certain adjectives: afraid, amazed, anxious, astonished, careful, determined, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, prepared, ready, relieved, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset, willing,….
       • Example: I'm very glad to see you.
     • j. after verbs followed by a question word (who, what, which, where, how, but not why): ask, decide, remember, understand, decide, know, show, wonder, explain, learn, tell…
       • Example: Do you remember to phone your parents?
     • l. After certain verbs (as their object): afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, remind, seem, swear, tend, threaten, volunteer, want,….
       • Example: This note remind me to work hard everyday.
     • m. after the object of certain verbs: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn….
       • Example: she ordered her boyfriend to buy for her a new dress.
   • Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)
     • After most modal verbs (can/ could, may/ might, will/ would, shall/ should, must, etc.)
       • Example: I will play badminton with my brother tomorrow.
     • After: would rather, would sooner, had better
       • Example: I would rather get up early in the morning.
     • After the verbs hear, let, listen to, make, notice, observe, see, watch, etc. These verbs (except for let) take the full infinitive in the passive voice.
       • Example: I notice her make a coffee for me.
     • Do + anything/everything/nothing + but/except + infinitive; Why…?/ Why not…? (for suggestions and advice)
       • Example: I do everything in English except Math.
   • Perfect infinitive
     • With modal verbs (could, would, may, might, must, etc.)
       • Example: She must have worked hard every day.
     • After verbs such as: appear, claim, expect, hope, happen, pretend, promise, seem, etc.
       • Example: I claim to have done my work.
     • After certain verbs (say, believe, think, consider, suppose, understand) in the passive voice (personal construction)
       • Example: I am considered to have a good voice.

2. 2. V-ing form

   • As a noun (subject or object of a verb)
     • Example: Playing chess is a very good for brain.
   • After a preposition or verb + preposition
     • Example: I'm interested in working there.
   • After certain verbs (as their object): admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prefer, quit, recall, recommend, resent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate…
     • Example: I enjoy watching movie.
   • After verbs or expressions with to: be/get accustomed to, be/get used to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, take to
     • Example: I'm look forward to talking with him.
   • After certain expressions: as well as, be in favor of, can’t stand/help, feel like, have difficulty (in), how about, It’s no good/ use, it’s worth, there’s no chance of, there’s no point in, what’s the point of….?, what’s the use off….?
     • Example: It's no use to playing game.
   • After the verbs need, want, require, etc. with a passive meaning
     • Example: I want to learning English.
   • After the verbs: catch/ find/ leave + object + V-ing
     • Example: I caught you eating snacks in class.
   • after the verb go, indicating physical activities..
     • Example: I am playing badminton with my friend.
   • Be busy + V-ing; Spend/ waste + expression of money/ time + V-ing
     • Example: I spend all day to watching movie.