Retrieval

Retrieval

1. Encoding Specificity Principle

   • Tulving 1983
   • if cues at encoding match cues at retrieval this facilitates retrieval
   • Tulving and Osler 1986
     • target words with weak associates at encoding or no associates
       • target detection only aided by associates if present at encoding
         • even if two associates at retrieval

2. Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)

   • Bransford, 1979 & Morris, 1977
   • if processes engaged at encoding match processes engaged at retrieval this facilitates retrieval
   • Phonetic and semantic processing conditions
     • phonetic or semantic recognition test
       • if conditions at memory test matched those at initial learning stage this facilitated performance