Formulations

Formulations

1. What is it?

   • A pure substance is a single element or a single compound. Some mixtures are designed as useful products and are called formulations.
   • A formulation is a mixture often complex, designed for a specific purpose
     • Each component in the mixture has a specific purpose
     • The components are added in measured quantities
     • Examples: fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and foods.
       • Paracetamol - pain killer and lowers temperature
         • Flavorings and sugar - to make it taste nice
           • Colourings - To make it look nice

2. Separating mixtures

   • Mixtures can be separated using the physical properties of the components:
     • Filtration
       • 1) The mixture is poured into the funnel.
       • 2) Insoluble solids remain in the filter paper.
       • 3) Solutions and liquids go through into the flask.
     • Crystallisation
       • 1) The solution is heated to concentrate the solution and crystals may start to form.
       • 2) It is then left in a warm place for the remaining water to evaporate.
       • 3) Crystals form.
     • Paper Chromatography
       • 1) Draw a pencil line near the bottom of the paper.
         • 2) Add spots of colorings to the line.
           • 3) Put the paper into a chromatography tank with a solvent at the bottom and below the line.
     • Distillation
       • Distillation is used to separate liquid from a mixture
         • Simple Distillation
           • The condenser has two tubes one inside the other. Cold water runs through the space between the two tubes, keeping the condenser cold. The cooling water does not mix with the substance being separated.
             • In a mixture of two liquids, the liquid with the lower boiling point is collected as the distillate.
               • In a solution of a solid in water, the water is collected as the distillate.
         • Fractional Distillation
           • Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of more than two liquids.
             • The column is packed with glass beads. The different liquids leave the top of the column in order of increasing boiling point.

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