3736365
Descripción
Mapa Mental por Chloe Fairbrother, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Chloe Fairbrother
hace más de 8 años
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ALEXANDER II REFORMS: EDUCATION
(1863 - 1864)
- WHY?
- Alexander II recognised
that a MODERN STATE
required a MORE
EDUCATED
population!
- - Higher education tended
to foster an indepenent
spirit and critical mind;
many students became
more active in society,
causing challenging
problems for the regime.
- - These reforms
had resulted in
many people
QUESTIONING the
POLITICAL
AUTHORITY of the
regime!
- - 'MUTUAL AID'
GROUPS were
formed...
- 'STUDY GROUPS' met
to discuss RADICAL
IDEAS and the
INJUSTICES of the
Tsarist regime!
- Communal
kitchens and
libraries.
- 'STUDY GROUPS' met
to discuss RADICAL
IDEAS and the
INJUSTICES of the
Tsarist regime!
- - 'MUTUAL AID'
GROUPS were
formed...
- - Higher education tended
to foster an indepenent
spirit and critical mind;
many students became
more active in society,
causing challenging
problems for the regime.
- Increased need for
BASIC literacy and
numeracy among
private smallholding
peasants.
- Alexander II recognised
that a MODERN STATE
required a MORE
EDUCATED
population!
- The 'Zemstva'
- Responsibility of
CONTROLLING SCHOOLS
was taken over from the
Catholic Church.
- FUNDING and
CONTROL of
education.
- Responsibility of
CONTROLLING SCHOOLS
was taken over from the
Catholic Church.
- New PRIMARY SCHOOLS were built...
- Open to
ALL
classes
and BOTH
sexes.
- Numbers
INCREASED
from 8,000 in
1856, to 23,000
in 1880.
- From 400,000
to 1 MILLION
pupils in
attendance.
- CURRICULUM
was still
restricted!
- The aim of
'strengthening
religious and
moral notions
and spreading
basic knowledge."
- The aim of
'strengthening
religious and
moral notions
and spreading
basic knowledge."
- - A more LITERATE
PEASANT POPULATION
took on new aspirations;
challenged the
government in later
years!
- Open to
ALL
classes
and BOTH
sexes.
- SECONDARY SCHOOLS
- CURRICULUM was
EXTENDED to
accomodate a wider
range of subjects and a
'modern' education.
- Could focus on
'CLASSIC' subjects
(Greek and Latin)...
- ... or more
'MODERN' subjects
(the sciences and
mathematics).
- Could focus on
'CLASSIC' subjects
(Greek and Latin)...
- Open to ALL
classes and
BOTH sexes.
- In the 1860s, the
NUMBERS of
schools
DOUBLED.
- CURRICULUM was
EXTENDED to
accomodate a wider
range of subjects and a
'modern' education.
- UNIVERSITIES
- Numbers grew
from 3,000 to
10,000 by the
1870s.
- Granted much more
freedom and control
over their leadership...
- Selected their
own
PROFESSORS.
- 50% left their
posts between
1854 to 1862.
- ENLIGHTENED,
LIBERAL-THINKING
professors were
employed!
- e.g. Nicholai
Pirogov
(Famous doctor
and educational
theorist).
- e.g. Nicholai
Pirogov
(Famous doctor
and educational
theorist).
- 50% left their
posts between
1854 to 1862.
- Designed
COURSES.
- Student
ADMISSIONS and
DISCIPLINE.
- Governed
themselves
now.
- Selected their
own
PROFESSORS.
- - WOMEN
could attend
COURSES; but
NOT obtain a
DEGREE!
- + Students in
attendance
were now from
wider SOCIAL
GROUPS!
- - Many
students
relied on
STATE
FINANCIAL
AID; poor and
malnourished.
- Numbers grew
from 3,000 to
10,000 by the
1870s.
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