Mapa mental
Hazards
Contenido del mapa
Hazards
Volcanoes
- Hazards created
- Direct
- Lava flows
- Pyroclastic flow
- ash emission
- Tephra (rocks expelled by eruption)
- Gas emissions
- Vog (Sulpheric acid expelled)
- Laze (Hydrochloric acid made when lava meets salt water)
- Indirect
- Flooding due to ice melt
- Lahar (mud flow due to a volcanic eruption, linked to ice melt)
- Tsunamis and Earthquakes due to explosive eruptions
- Blocked water channels when lava cools in rivers
- More details on slides attached
- Direct
- Case Studies
- Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy (AC)
- Why live there?
- Herritage/history/culture
- Firtile land
- Good agricultural industry
- Low unemployment
- High GDP
- Tourism industry
- More details on the eruption and response on the slides attached
- Location/tectonic setting
- Convergent plate boundary, but effusive eruption
- Why live there?
- Kilauea, Hawaii, USA (AC)
- Why live there?
- Herritage/history/culture
- Tourism
- More details on the eruption and response on the slides attached
- Location/tectonic setting
- Hot spot eruption
- Why live there?
- Souffriere Hills, Mostserrat (British Overseas Territory, BOT)
- Why live there?
- Herritage/history/culture
- More details on the eruption and response on the slides attached
- Location/tectonic setting
- Hot spot eruption
- Why live there?
- Nyiragongo, DRC (LIDC)
- Why live there?
- Herritage/history/culture
- Firtile land
- More details on the eruption and response on the slides attached
- Location/tectonic setting
- East African rift valley eruption
- Why live there?
- Disaster response curves
- Mangament details on slides attached
- Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy (AC)
- VEI scale
- Types of eruption
- Effusive
- Low viscosity, low silica content, less gas content, lava flows long distances, very hot and cools slowly, generally at divergent boundaries and rift zones, lava flows out
- Explosive
- High viscosity, high silica content, high gas content, rapidly expanding gas causes the viscous magma to be dragged up with it and explode out violently, generally at convergent plate boundaries
- Phreatic
- Happens when water gets into the magma chamber, causes the water to evaporate and expand rapidly, causing a sudden eruption
- Effusive
- Volcano types
- Super volcanoes
- Super large volcanoes that can have international effects after an eruption
- Examples
- Yellowstone (USA)
- Examples
- Super large volcanoes that can have international effects after an eruption
- Super volcanoes
- Hazards created
Earthquakes
- Case Studies
- Disaster response curves
- Haiti 2010 (LIDC)
- Background, earthquake facts, earthquake impacts, and mitigation techniques for each case studies on slides attached.
- Why live here?
- History
- Too poor to leave
- Turkey 2023 (EDC)
- Background, earthquake facts, earthquake impacts, and mitigation techniques for each case studies on slides attached.
- Why live here?
- Good economics
- Kind of European
- History
- Japan 2011 (AC)
- Background, earthquake facts, earthquake impacts, and mitigation techniques for each case studies on slides attached.
- Why live here?
- Stable county
- Very good economics (AC)
- History
- Culture
- Types of EQs
- Shallow focus
- 0-70 km deep
- Deep focus
- >70 km deep
- Shallow focus
- Magnitude scales
- Modified Mercalli
- A 12 point subjective scale to judge the extent of damage caused by an EQ
- Biased towards more developed countries
- A 12 point subjective scale to judge the extent of damage caused by an EQ
- Richter
- Logarithmic quantitative scale, energy released in the equation is roughly equal to the tonnes of TNT it would be
- Moment Magnitude scale
- Quantitative scale, measure of total energy release, more accurate of Richter (especially above magnitude 8), roughly equivilant to "area of fault's rupture surface * the distance the ground moved during the fault"
- Modified Mercalli
- Hazards created
- Ground shaking
- EQ's send out vibrations that cause the ground to shake
- can cause things to crumble and fall, hazadous to human life
- EQ's send out vibrations that cause the ground to shake
- Ground displacement
- Vibrations from EQ's cause the ground the shake and change height (can be up or down)
- Causes buildings and infrastructure to crack and be destroied, leading to worse response times and QoL for the people affected
- Vibrations from EQ's cause the ground the shake and change height (can be up or down)
- Liquefaction
- Vibrations from EQ's cause fine unconsolidated sediment to shake at a frequency that causes them to act like a liquid
- Can cause buildings and people to sink into the ground
- Vibrations from EQ's cause fine unconsolidated sediment to shake at a frequency that causes them to act like a liquid
- Mass movement (landslides, Avalanches, etc)
- Ground instability caused by EQ's (see other hazards) causes mass movement events to be more likely
- People and buildings can get hit by the mass movement of sediment, causing death and QoL reducing
- Ground instability caused by EQ's (see other hazards) causes mass movement events to be more likely
- Tsunamis
- EQ's under the oceans cause vibrations to cause larger waves with more energy that can travel up shore inland
- Causes floods and people at risk of drowning
- EQ's under the oceans cause vibrations to cause larger waves with more energy that can travel up shore inland
- Ground shaking
- Landforms created
- Fault scarps
- A cliff or escarpment formed directly by rocks being displaced either side of a fault. They can be a few centimetres to metres high
- Escarpments
- A raised are of land with a short slope dropping down to a lower area
- Rift valley
- Made of Horsts and Grabens
- A valley created by EQ's either dropping a peice of land in the centre, or raising land either side of the valley
- Fault scarps
- Types of EQ faults
- Normal
- Reverse
- Strike-slip
- Case Studies
Plate tectonics and continental drift
- Types of plate boundaries
- Convergent
- Andean types
- When an Oceanic plate meets a Continental plate, the oceanic plate subducts under the other, causing a volcanic arc to form above it
- Island arcs
- When an oceanic plate meets an oceanic plate, one will subduct under the other and causing a chain of volcanic islands to form above it
- Collison zones/Orogeny
- When a continental plate meets a continental plate. one will subduct under the other, causing the top continental crust to bulge up and for a mountain range with a plateau
- Andean types
- Divergent
- Mid ocean ridges
- When two oceanic plates diverge from each other, magma rises from the rift eft between the two plates, both filling it in but also pushing the plates away from each other (see ridge push)
- Continental rift zones
- When two continental plates move away from each other, forming a rift valley, if this continues it can form a new sea/ocean as the valley expands enough to be filled with water
- Mid ocean ridges
- Conservative
- Transform/strike slip faults
- When two plates move past each other but do not subduct under each other, causing lots of earthquakes, mountain ranges, and no volcanic activity
- Transform/strike slip faults
- Convergent
- Pattern of plates
- See hazards resources slide 2
- Structure of plates
- See hazards resources slide 1
- Evidence for continetal drift
- Continental fit
- at the 2000 meter continental shelf level the continents fit together as if a jigsaw puzzle, indicating they were once together
- Mountains and shield areas
- Ancient fold mountain ranges match across continents, indicating they may have once been the same range
- Shield areas (cratons) of similar rock type and age have been matched across continents, indicating they could have been in the same part of the world before
- Glaciation
- evidence of glaciation has been found with similar characteristics across multiple continents, indicating they may all have been near the south pole at some point
- Fossils
- Similar aged and type of fossils found in different continents, and with no other logical way they could have gotten there, the continents may have been joined together in the past
- Rock type
- Rocks that need a specific environment to form have been found outside of those climates, indicating there should have been movement of those rocks from those climates to where they are now
- Continental fit
- Evidence for sea floor spreading
- Seafloor magnatism
- Ocean floor rocks are differently magnatised as they cool. These differences can be seen in bands across the ocean floor.
- Age of seafloor
- The rock the floor is made from increases as you get further away from the mid ocean ridges, indicating a movement
- Thickness of sediment ontop
- The thickness of sediment ontop of seafloor increases with distance from the mid ocean ridges, indicating more time has passed since the furthest points were made, indicating movement
- Seafloor magnatism
- How plates move
- Ridge push
- Mantel upwelling causes a ridge to form, then due to gravitational sliding after the ridge rises causes the plates to move
- Slab pull
- A subducting plate going into the mantel pulls along the rest of the plate due to the mass being forced down with gravity
- Convection currents
- A flow of rising hot magma in the mantel, moving along plates and cooling, then falling again causes the plate above to move along with it
- Ridge push
- Types of plate boundaries
Información
- Descripción
- A level (Hazards) Geography Mapa Mental sobre Hazards, creado por Mrjiggles 17 el 23/01/2025.
- Creado por
- Mrjiggles 17
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