1.0 DATABASE CONCEPT

1.0 DATABASE CONCEPT

1. 1.2 Database System Vs File System Data Processing

   • Data
     • Data consists of raw facts or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user
   • Information
     • Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning information consists of transformed data and facilitates
   • 1.2.9 Contrasting Database and File System
     • Problem of file systems
       • Structural Depedence
         • Changes in file structure require modification of all programs that use the file
       • Data Dependence
         • Changes in data characteristics require changes in all programs accessing the data
       • Lenghty Development Times
         • Even the simple data retrieval requires exrtensive programming specifying how to accesss data
       • Difficulty of Getting Quick Answers
         • Ad Hoc queries are difficult or impossible because reports require writing new programs
       • Complex System Administration
         • Managing many files and their individual management programs becomes complicated as the systems grows
       • Lack of Security and Limited Data Storing
         • File systems have poor control overdata access, making security implementation difficult and limiting data sharing scross users
       • Data Redundancy
         • Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at difficult places
       • Data Anomalies
         • Inconsistencies arise due to redundant data and lack of integrated data management
       • Extensive Programming
         • Requires skilled programming for all data operations, including simple retrieval updates
     • Advantages of Database Systems
       • Improved data sharing
       • Improved data security
       • Better data integration
       • Controlling redundancy
       • Restricting unauthorized access
       • Providing persistant storage for program objects for efficient query processing
       • Improved data access
       • Improved decision making
       • Increased end-user productivity
       • Providing multiple user interfaces
       • Representing complex relationships among data
       • Enforcing integrity constraints
       • Providing backup and recovery
       • Permitting interfacing and actions using rules and triggers
       • Potential for enforcing standards
       • Availability of up-to-date information
       • Reduced application development
       • Economic of scale
       • Flexibility

2. 1.1 Introduction to database

   • 1.1.1 The Pervasive Nature of Database
     • Data
       • Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user
     • Information
       • The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information consists of transformed data and facilitates data and facilitates decision making
   • 1.1.2 Transforming Raw Data into Transformation
     • a) Data entry screen b) Raw data c) Information in summary format d) Information in graphical format
     • Database
       • A database is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of the related data. A database contains two types of data: end user data (raw facts) and metadata
       • Persistent storage
         • Database provide persistent storage meaning the data remains available and unchanged until it is explicitly modified or deleted
       • Data organizatiojns
         • Data in a database system is organized in a structured format using tables
       • Data integrity
         • Database ensure that data is accurate, consistent and reliable through constraints and validation rules
       • Security
         • Databases often include mechanisms to control access and protect data from unauthorized access
   • 1.1.4 DBMS
     • DBMS: A database management system (DBMS) is collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database
     • Example: Oracle Database, SQL Database, Mango DB
     • Data manipulation
       • Provides tools for inserting, updating, deleting and retrieving data
     • Data integrity
       • Ensure that data remains accurate and consistent across the database
     • Data security
       • Implements security measures to protect data from unauthorized access and ensure data privacy
     • Data storage
       • Manages the storage of data, ensuring it is stored efficiently and can be retrieving quickly
   • 1.1.4 Database Systems
     • Database system: Database system refers to an organization of components that define end regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a database environment
     • data schema
       • The structure of the database, which defines how the data is stored and how the data elements are related
     • Components
       • Hardware, Software, Data, Users, Procedures
     • Database applications
       • Software applications that use the database to store and retrieve data
     • Database engine
       • The core service for storing, processing, and securing data
     • Importance of Database Systems
       • Sentiment Analysis
         • Uses neutral language processing (NLP) to categorize customer feedback as positive, neutral, and negative
         • Helps businesses gauge customer satisfaction and improve products/serices
       • Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
         • AI Powered predictive analytic rely on databases to learn from past data and forecast future trend
         • Databases store training data for ML models used in fraud detection chatbpts, and automation
       • Opinion mining
         • Database store and process massive amounts of social media data from platforns like Instagram, Tiktok, Twitter and Facebook
         • Sentiment analysis algorithms extract public opinions, trends, and feedback
       • Competitive advantage
         • Organization leverage databases to analyze market trends and customer preferences
         • Enables personalized marketing strategies, customer behavior and efficient resource allocation
       • Importance of database systems
         • Database store vast amounts of structured an unstructured data, allowing businesses analyze trends and patterns
         • Helps executives make data-driven decisions instead of relying on guesswork
     • Benefits of databases systems in Business Intelligence
       • Improved data quality
         • Ensures accuracy and consistency for reliable decision-making
       • Faster processing and analytics
         • Enables real-time analytics for quick responses to market changes
       • Enhances security and access control
         • Protects sensitive business data through authentication and authorization
       • Scalability
         • Supports growing data needs as business expand
       • Integration with various tools
         • Connects with analytics software, AI models, and visualization tools
     • Business Intelligence
       • A comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools and process used to capture, collect, integrate, store and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information to support business decision making
     • Conclusion
       • Database systems are essential for effective business intelligence, allowing companies to make informed decisions, stay competitive, and enhance customer experiences
       • With advancements in AI,big data, and cloud computing database-driven business intelligence continues to revolutionize industries worldwide