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Lecture 2- Introduction to Biological Molecules
- Important Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
- Monomers
- Monomers join together with
covalent bonds to form long
chains or macromolecules known
as polymers
- Monomers join together with
covalent bonds to form long
chains or macromolecules known
as polymers
- Polymer Formation
- Formed by a type of
condensation reaction known
as dehydration synthesis
- A molecule of water is formed
and removed from the reactants
joined during the reaction
- H2O is formed from the loss of a hydroxyl
group (OH-) from one reactant and a
hydrogen (H-) from the other
- Diagram
- Formed by a type of
condensation reaction known
as dehydration synthesis
- Polymer Breakdown
- Polymers are broken down by a process known as hydrolysis
- Bonds between reactants are
broken down with the addition
of a molecule of water
- The hydroxyl (-OH) group of a water
molecule bonds with one reactant and
the hydrogen (-H) bonds to its neighbour
- Energy held in the bond is released
and stored in the form of ATP
- Diagram
- Polymers are broken down by a process known as hydrolysis
- Digestion of polymers
- Polymers like starch
are broken down into
smaller sugar units
which are easily
absorbed across the gut
- The hydrolysis reaction requires help from digestive enzymes
- Polymers like starch
are broken down into
smaller sugar units
which are easily
absorbed across the gut
- Water
- Roles in The Body
- Universal solvent and transporter
- Lubricant
- Regulates body temperature
- Universal solvent and transporter
- The Water Molecule
- 1) The oxygen atom
contains 8 positively
charged elected
protons in its nucleus
- 2) Each hydrogen atom
contains only 1
positively charged
proton in its nucleus
- 3) The electron pair shared in each
O-H covalent bond is therefore
more strongly attracted to the
oxygen nucleus than to either of
the hydrogen nuclei
- 4) This makes the water molecule polar with a slightly negative pole
near the oxygen and a slightly positive pole near the hydrogen
- 1) The oxygen atom
contains 8 positively
charged elected
protons in its nucleus
- Hydrogen Bonding
- The delta + near the hydrogen atom is
attracted to the delta - near the oxygen atom of
a neighbouring water molecule
- This results in the formation
of a hydrogen bond between
two water molecules
- The delta + near the hydrogen atom is
attracted to the delta - near the oxygen atom of
a neighbouring water molecule
- Roles in The Body
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