449667
Description
Flashcards by emma_moran, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by emma_moran
almost 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Monosaccharides | The most basic unit of carbohydrates. |
| Disaccharides | Dimer of monosaccharides |
| Oligosaccharide | Polymer of 3-20 monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer of mono- or disaccharides |
| In which direction are carbons counted? | From the top |
| What has happened if monosaccharides are in the deoxy form? | Hydroxyl has been replaced with H |
| Stereoisomers | Have the same chemical formula but are arranged differently in space. |
| Enantiomers | They are mirror images of each other that are non superimposable |
| What direction do L isomers rotate plane polarised light? | Left |
| What direction do D isomers rotate plane polarised light? | Right |
| How to distinguish between D and L isomer? | D isomer: The lowest OH on the carbon chain is on the right L isomer: The lowest OH is on the carbon chain is on the left |
| Glyceraldehyde | |
| Glucose | |
| Galactose | |
| Fructose (F for Five carbon ring) | |
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Image:
ribose (image/png)
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Ribose |
| Which two monosaccharides join together to form maltose? | Glucose + Glucose |
| Which two monosaccharides join together to form lactose? | Glucose + Glactose |
| Which two monosaccharides join together to form sucrose? | Glucose + Fructose |
| Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose + glucose? | Maltase |
| Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose + galactose? | Lactase |
| Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose + fructose? | Sucrase |
| What are glycoproteins? | Proteins that have oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to their protein structure. They are glycosylated proteins. |
| What are glycolipids? | Lipids that have oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to their lipid structure. They are glycosylated lipids. |
| What does it mean if an oligosaccharide is N-linked to a protein? | The oligosaccharide is linked to the amide N of asparagine residue of the protein backbone. |
| What does it mean if an oligosaccharide is O-linked to a protein? | The oligosaccharide is linked to the the hydroxyl O of serine and threonine residues of the protein backbone. |
| What is the role of glycoproteins? | They make up mucin and glycocalyx (extracellular material secreted by some cells eg. slime on the outside of a fish) |
| What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)? | Long unbranched repeating disaccharide units that consist of amino sugars and uronic acids. |
| What are the properties and uses of GAGS? | Properties: Hydrophilic (-ve charge), high viscosity and low compressibility Uses: Good lubricants and add structural integrity |
| What are GAGS that are attached to proteins known as? | Proteoglycans |
| What are GAGS that aren't attache dto proteins known as? | Mucopolysaccharides |
| What is the role of chondroitin in the body? | Forms proteoglycans in cartilage, heart valves and bone. |
| What is the role of Hyaluronic acid in the body? | It is a mucopolysaccharide that acts as a lubricant and shock absorber in synovial fluid and vitreous humour of the eye. |
| What are sphingolipids? | They are a subtype of glycolipid. They contain sphingosine (18 carbon amino alcohol), a fatty acid and a charged head group. |
| What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose? | Alpha glucose: The OH group on carbon 1 is down (alpha looks like a fish and fish are down in the sea) Beta glucose: The OH group on carbon 1 is up (Beta for birds and birds are up the sky) |
| What is starch? | Polymer of alpha-glucose |
| What are the two types of starch? | Amylose: has alpha 1,4 glycosidic links and assumes a helical coil shape. Amylopectin: has alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic links and assumes a brush shape. |
| Where is starch found? | In amyloplasts and chloroplasts of plant cells |
| Which enzymes digest starch? | Amylase and Maltase |
| What is glycogen? | polymer of alpha glucose. It contains both alpha 1,4 glycosidic and alpha 1,6 glycosidic links (similar to amylopectin) |
| Function of glycogen? | Main storage polymer of animals, found in liver and muscle cells. |
| How do starch and glycogen differ structurally? | Glycogen is more branched than strach |
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