Torso Muscles

Torso Muscles

1. Muscular Diaphragms

2. Trunk wall

   • anterior
     • pectoralis major
     • external oblique
     • serratus anterior
       • Assesory mm. of respiration; act on the rib cage
     • Mammary Gland
       • overlies serratus anterior and pect. major
       • nipple @ 4th intercostal; smooth mm. --> erect; central in areola (has small sebaceous glands (Oil), pink when preggo and perm. brown after
       • modified sweat gland lies in superficial facia
       • Retromamary space
         • thin area bet. gland and deep fascia; no fat; allows free mvmt of gland over m.; boob jobs
       • lactiferous ducts branch and surround by fat
       • Pregnancey
         • secretory lobules increase in size
           • composed of milk secreting cells arranged in alveoli
         • lactiferous sinus
           • store milk
         • milk secreted after childbirth; colostrum (premilk) secreted during last trimester
       • attached to skin by suspensory ligaments
       • innedrvated by lateral and cutaneous branches of intercostal n.
       • arterial supply
         • internal thorasic a. lateral thoracic a. from axillary a. intercostal aa.
         • axillary drainage most important
       • lymphatic drainage most important due to cancer
         • majority follows venous drainage
     • Intercostals
       • External (superf.)
         • elevate ribs (inspiration)
         • from the posterior aspect around to the costochondral junction become anterior intercostal membrane
         • fibers directed inferomedially (hands in pocket)
         • continuous with external oblique mm.
       • internal (deep)
         • extend from the sternum around to the angle of the ribs where they become a membrane – the internal intercostal membrane
         • inferoposterior in direction; continuous with intenal oblique mm.
       • innermost (deeper)
         • depress ribs (expiration)
         • transversus thoracis
           • attaches to the back of the sternum and xiphoid process; obliquely oriented ; continuous with transversus abdominus mm.
         • subcostals
           • near the angles of ribs
         • innermost intercostals
           • along midaxillary line similar in direction to the internal intercostals and may be considered a subset of them that is separated by the intercostal neurovascular bundle
       • innervation
         • segmentally by ventral rami and dorsal rami
         • from t1 -t12=intercostal n.
           • lateral and anterior cutaneous br.
       • blood supply
         • from branches of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries that arise from the internal thoracic and aorta respectively
     • pectoralis minor
   • posterior
     • Intermediate
       • Extrinisics
         • Respiration
         • serratus posterior Superior
           • Innervation: 2nd -5th intercostal n.
           • action: elevates ribs
           • Inspiration
         • Serratos Posterior Inferior
           • Action: depress ribs
           • innervation: spinal nn. T9 – T12
           • Inspiration
     • Superficial
       • extrinsics
         • Limb Mvmt
         • Layer 1
           • Trapezius
           • Latissimus Dorsi
         • Layer 2
           • Levator Scapulae
           • Rhomboid Major
           • Rhomboid Minor
     • Deep
       • Intrinsic
         • Superficial (layer 1)
           • Splenius Capitus
             • Action: Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head
           • Splenius Cervicus
             • Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nn. C1-C6
             • Action: Extends and rotates cervical spine
         • deep (layer 2) or intermediate (erector spinae)
           • Spinalis
           • longissimus
           • iliocostalis
         • deep (layer 3)
           • semispinalis capitis
             • Extend head and roatates the face to the opposite side
             • pierced by greater occipital n.
           • semispinalis cervicis
             • Extends and rotates the cervical spinal column
           • semispinalis thoracis
             • Extends and rotates thoracic spinal column
           • Multifidus
             • Innervation: doral primary rami
             • Bends or laterally flexes vertebral column and rotates it to the opposite side; extend vertebral column
         • Deepest (layer 3)
           • rotatores (superficial)
             • rotators and are the deepest muscles in the groove between the spinous and transverse processes
           • intertransverseii (intermediate)
             • lateral flexors linking adjacent transverse processes
           • interspinales (deep)
             • extensors uniting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
           • innervated by dorsal primary rami
     • Nuchal Ligament
       • fibrous membrane
       • extends from occipital protuberance and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra
       • Trapezius and spenitus capitus attach
   • Functional unit of vertebral column
     • Summation by amplification

3. Head and neck

   • Suboccipital Triangle
     • deep to the semispinalis capitis
     • vertebral artery passes thru
     • suboccipital n.
       • Muscles
         • rectus capitus (posterior) Major
         • Rectus capitus (posterior) minor
         • superior oblique
         • inferior oblique
     • greater occipital nerve
       • pierces semispinalis capitis

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