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526131
Chemical Resources
Descripción
AS Level (C2: Chemical Resources) Chemistry Mapa Mental sobre Chemical Resources, creado por Oliver Wood el 04/02/2014.
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c2: chemical resources
chemistry
chemistry
c2: chemical resources
as level
Mapa Mental por
Oliver Wood
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
Oliver Wood
hace más de 10 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Chemical Resources
Structure of the Earth
Lithosphere, crust & top of mantle
Earth's core transfers energy
Deeper = Hotter
Plate tectonic theory
Pangea: Old supercontinent
Explains wide range of evidence e.g. 'Puzzle Piece' atlas
Wegener's continental drift theory (1914) not initially accepted.
Magma + Rocks:
Iron-rich Basalt: Runny lava
Silica-rich Rhyolite: Viscous lava
Explosions!
Construction Materials
Hardness compared by rubbing rocks together
E.g. Granite > Marble > Limestone
Granite
Cooled Magma
Igneous
Interlocking Crystals
Marble
Metamorphic
Limestone changed by heat+pressure
Baked, therefore Marble>limestone
Limestone
Sedimentary - compressed and cemented sediment
Thermal Decomposition
One material heated --> 2+ new substances
Calcium Carbonate (Limestone):
CACO3 --> CaO + CO2
(Limestone) -->
(Calcium oxide + Carbon Diox.)
Cement = Limestone + Clay + HEAT
Concrete = Cement + Sand/Stones + Water
Reinforced concrete: Steel rods/mesh
Composite material: Both distinguishable
Concrete weak under tension
Steel stops stretching/cracking
Metals + Alloys
Alloys
Mixtures containing 2+ metals
Amalgam (Mercury): Fillings
Brass (Copper + Zinc)
Solder (Lead + Tin)
Smart alloys - Retain shape when heated
E.g. Glasses frames of Nititol (Nickel-Titanium)
Extracting Copper (Electrolysis)
Advantages:
Low melting point, little energy
Reduces mining
Reduces copper cost
Disadvantages:
Small amounts in electrical equipment
Difficult to separate
Pure and impure cannot be mixed (e.g. Solder)
Fewer mining jobs
May produce pollution
Pure Cathode (-)
Gains mass
Cu(2+) Ions + 2e- --> Cu atoms
Impure Anode (+)
Loses mass
Drops impurities
Cu atoms --> Cu(2+) +2e-
Making Cars
Rusting
Iron and Steel rust: Other metals corrode
Acid rain + Salt water accelerate
Is Oxidation:
Iron + Oxygen + Water --> Hydrated Iron (III) Oxide
Materials used:
Aluminium: lightweight, malleable, no corrosion
Iron/Steel: Malleable, strong
Plastics: No corrosion, cheap
Alloys - More useful properties than original metals
Steel stronger than iron
Steel less likely to corrode than iron
Lighter materials e.g. Aluminium:
Improve fuel economy
Less corrosion, will last
Recycling
Advantages: Less mining, less crude oil in plastics, less landfill
Disadvantages: Fewer mining jobs, difficult to separate, can pollute, expensive
Minimum Recyclable % laws in place
Manufacturing Chemicals
The Haber Process
Nota:
Cover in Detail
Optimum Conditions
Iron Catalyst incr. rate of reaction (NOT percentage yield)
High pressure incr. Ammonia yield
High temperature incr. rate of reaction
High temp. REDUCES Ammonia yield
Optimum temp. 450'C
Quick, low yield
Costs of Manufacture
High pressure = High plant costs
High temp = High energy costs
Catalysts increase reaction
Automation reduces wage costs (workers)
Aim for cheapest yield, not fastest/ largest
Acids + Bases
Bases
Metal oxides/hydroxides
Those soluble in water called ALKALIS
Sodium hydroxide, calc. hydroxide
Alkalis contain OH- ions
Neutralisation
Acid + Base --> Salt + Water
H+ (Acid) + OH- (Alkali) <---> H2O
Universal indicator is a mix of diff. indicators
Shows gradual changes
Acids
All contain H+ ions
Higher the H+ concentration, lower the pH
Salts
Acid + Metal carbonate --> Salt + Water + CO2
Two-part names:
Sulfate, nitrate, chloride, phosphate
E.g: Hydrochloric acid + copper carbonate --> Copper chloride + water + carbon dioxide
Fertilisers + Crop Yields
Crops
Fertilisers must be dissolved in water for plant roots to absorb
Some dissolve easily, others designed for slow energy release
Yield increased by:
Provide extra essential elements
(Fertiliser)
Provide nitrogen encorporated into plant protein
Increased growth
Eutrophication
Excess fertiliser runoff causes algal bloom in river systems
Sunlight blocked out
Plants stop respiring
Aerobic bacteria use all oxygen
Fish die
Caused by nitrate / phosphate levels
Preparing Fertilisers
Most fertilisers are salts
(Water is heavy to transport)
Step 1: Titrate alkali and acid using indicator to find neutral
Step 2: Use these ratios to scale up alkali + acid
Step 3: Boil off most water, leave to crystalise
Chemicals from the Sea
Mining / Subsidence
Rock salt mined from ground
Pump water underground, collect salt solution
Can cause subsidence - destroys land + homes
Leaking brine solution affects habitats
Electrolysis of Sodium Hydroxide solution
Brine can be separated using electrolysis.
Important the electrodes are INERT
(Chlorine and Hyrdogen are highly reactive)
Equations:
Ions not discharged make Sodium Hydroxide solution
Na+ + OH- --> NaOH
Chlorine OXIDISED at anode
2Cl- - 2e- --> Cl2
Hydrogen REDUCED at cathode
2H+ + 2e- --> H2
Chlor-Alkali industry
Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide important raw materials
Bleach
Paints
Solvents
Plastics
Foods
Recursos multimedia adjuntos
Haber_process (image/jpg)
2014-02-06_19.16.26-1 (image/jpg)
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