Memory: Multi-Store Model.

Memory: Multi-Store Model.

1. ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN

2. Multi-store model suggests that information flows through the memory system through unitary stores of STM and LTM. Rehearsal is the only means of transferring information from the STM to LTM.

3. Short term memory: Encoding- Acoustic. Capacity- Limited 7+/-2. Duration- Limited 18 seconds.

   • Encoding- CONRAD. Random sequence of 6 consonants. Either acoustically similar or dissimilar Asked to write down in the same order that they appeared. Findings were that they were more likely to confuse letters that sounded the same. Therefore encoding in the STM is acoustic and stored as sound whether it is visual or acoustically. Evaluation is that there are other ways of processing information, e.g, visually. It also lacks ecological validity.
   • Capacity- JACOBS. Serial digit span. Participants were given a series of letters or digits, each series increasing by one every trial. They were asked to recall in order. Findings were that the average recalled was 7-9, Miller called this the magic number 7+/-2. Conclusions were that the STM only holds 7+/-2 items, although there are individual differences. Evaluation is that it is a lab, so highly controlled and easily replicated so is reliable, however lacks ecological validity. It has useful applications for phone numbers etc.
   • Duration- PETERSON AND PETERSON. Brown Peterson technique, prevents rehearsal whilst doing a task. Participants given meaningless trigrams, one group recalled immediately and the other after a distracter task, this was done for longer and longer each time and they were then asked to recall the trigram. Findings were that after 18 second delay there was less than 10% that recalled. Concluding that the STM can only hold information up to 18 seconds.Evaluation is that it lacks ecological validity as it is an artificial stimulus. It also measures just one type of information and ignores things like pictures, faces, or smells, making it hard to generalise. Also the loss of information may be due to capacity not duration.

4. Long term memory: Encoding- Semantic. Capacity- Unlimited. Duration- Life time.

   • Encoding- BADDELEY. 75 participants in 4 groups. Presented with acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, and semantically dissimilar words. Asked to recall these in the same order. Findings were that there was a significant difference in semantically similar and dissimilar words. Words with the same meanings were recalled worse than the ones that didn't have the same meaning. Concluding this is the idea that LTM encoding is mainly semantic. Evaluating this is that it lacks ecological validity as it is an artificial stimulus, unimportant words. Also later studies show we can encode things into the LTM acoustically and visually.
   • Capacity- LINTON. 6 years creating a diary of 5500 events. She did monthly recalls and each month had excellent recall demonstrating the capacity of the LTM. However it's only her that's being tested so can't be generalised.It may also be biased as she is testing herself so isn't valid.
   • Duration- BAHRICK. USA school year books. 400 ex students. Three different measures. 1) Free recall- asked to list names remembered. 2) Name recognition- Name the photos in the yearbook. 3) Picture recognition- Pick photos out of classmates. Findings- there was some memory loss but a lot of very long term memories. The fact that recognition was better than recall suggests there is a lot of information in the LTM, however it may need cues. Evaluation is that it has ecological validity as it uses meaningful material. despite this the faces and names may have emotional significance meaning there has been a lot of rehearsal and this may not be the case for other information, and therefore it may not be possible to generalise to other findings.

5. Evidence that supports that the STM and LTM are distinct. Serial Position Effect. MURDOCK. Primary and recency effect. Recall words from the end of a list of 20 words cause they are in the STM and recall the first words of a list of 20 words as they have been rehearsed into the LTM. The words in the middle are forgotten.

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