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Mapa Mental por danny-hudson97, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por danny-hudson97
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Long Term Memory
- Bahrick Et Al
'Year Book study'
(1975)
- Findings
- For participants that had left school up to 34 years previously, accuracy of
recall on the face and name recognition tasks was still an amazing 90%.
Even for participants who had left school 48 years previously it was 80%.
- For participants that had left school up to 34 years previously, accuracy of
recall on the face and name recognition tasks was still an amazing 90%.
Even for participants who had left school 48 years previously it was 80%.
- Procedure
- 374 participants aged between 17 and 74 were tested on their memory of school
friends. A number of different tests were carried out including a free recall of all the
names of classmates they could remember, recognition of classmates from a
selection of 50 photographs, a name recognition test and a photo matching test.
- 374 participants aged between 17 and 74 were tested on their memory of school
friends. A number of different tests were carried out including a free recall of all the
names of classmates they could remember, recognition of classmates from a
selection of 50 photographs, a name recognition test and a photo matching test.
- Conclusion
- Recall can be accurate over a very long period of time, leading to the
term vLTM (very long term memory) to describe this phenomenon.
- Recall can be accurate over a very long period of time, leading to the
term vLTM (very long term memory) to describe this phenomenon.
- Evaluation
- The procedure used is a field experiment so is much
higher in ecological validity since this is far more similar
to the purpose we generally use our memories for.
- However, the study
was poorly controlled.
The researchers
assumed that last
contact with their
classmates would
have been when they
left school.
- The procedure used is a field experiment so is much
higher in ecological validity since this is far more similar
to the purpose we generally use our memories for.
- Findings
- Evidence for two memory
stores (STM and LTM)
- Multistore model of memory
- Primacy and recency effect.
- Murdock (1962
- Gave 103 psychology
students lists of words
to free recall (in any
order) in 90 seconds.
Typically words at the
start of the list and
especially those at the
end tended to be
recalled most often.
- This was
explained by words
at the start being
rehearsed from
STM into LTM
creating a
stronger trace and
those at the end
still being present
in STM when
recall begins.
- This was
explained by words
at the start being
rehearsed from
STM into LTM
creating a
stronger trace and
those at the end
still being present
in STM when
recall begins.
- Gave 103 psychology
students lists of words
to free recall (in any
order) in 90 seconds.
Typically words at the
start of the list and
especially those at the
end tended to be
recalled most often.
- Murdock (1962
- Primacy and recency effect.
- Multistore model of memory
- Amnesiac
case studies
- Most people with memory
problems have either impairment
of their STM or LTM, not usually
both. This suggests that they are
different systems.
- HM (or Henry M)
- The classic case is that
of H.M who at the age of
27 underwent surgery in
an attempt to cure his
epilepsy apparently
triggered by a cycling
accident when he was nine
- A surgeon, William Scoville removed both his
temporal lobes including a structure known as
the hippocampus (Latin for sea horse) and an
area known to be crucial to memory.
- Following the procedure HM was unable to
create new long term memories. However his
STM remained intact with a normal capacity and
duration, limited only by his inability to rehearse.
- HM therefore could
be taught new skills,
which over time would
improve with practice.
However, he would
have no recollection of
ever having performed
them before
- HM therefore could
be taught new skills,
which over time would
improve with practice.
However, he would
have no recollection of
ever having performed
them before
- Following the procedure HM was unable to
create new long term memories. However his
STM remained intact with a normal capacity and
duration, limited only by his inability to rehearse.
- The classic case is that
of H.M who at the age of
27 underwent surgery in
an attempt to cure his
epilepsy apparently
triggered by a cycling
accident when he was nine
- KF
- Suffered damage to his STM
following a motorcycling accident
still retained a near normal LTM
- KF could still recall
visual information using
his STM but struggled
with auditory and verbal
information, making
conversation difficult
- Suffered damage to his STM
following a motorcycling accident
still retained a near normal LTM
- Most people with memory
problems have either impairment
of their STM or LTM, not usually
both. This suggests that they are
different systems.
- What amnesiacs tell us about memory
- We therefore have a
situation were cases of
amnesia can both support
the idea of two memory
stores whilst at the same
time question the idea
- Two memory
stores
- Amnesiacs tend to
lose only one store
(either STM or LTM)
supporting the idea of
two separate stores
presumably located in
different brain areas
or structures
- Amnesiacs tend to
lose only one store
(either STM or LTM)
supporting the idea of
two separate stores
presumably located in
different brain areas
or structures
- More than
two stores
- However, HM and Clive
Wearing both provide us
with evidence that LTM
is more complex and
seems to comprise at
least two components
(semantic and episodic
LTM).
- Similarly KF suggests that
STM is also more complicated
having separate stores for
both auditory and visual
information
- Similarly KF suggests that
STM is also more complicated
having separate stores for
both auditory and visual
information
- However, HM and Clive
Wearing both provide us
with evidence that LTM
is more complex and
seems to comprise at
least two components
(semantic and episodic
LTM).
- We therefore have a
situation were cases of
amnesia can both support
the idea of two memory
stores whilst at the same
time question the idea
- The prefrontal cortex is active when STM is being used whereas
the hippocampus in the temporal lobes is active for LTM.
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