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1. Elementary particles

   • Fermions (matter particles)
     • quarks
       • 1st: up - down
       • 2nd: charm - strange
       • 3rd: top - bottom
     • leptons
       • 1st: electron - electron neutrino
       • 3rd: tau - tau neutrino
       • 2nd: muon - muon neutrino
     • - 3 generations
     • - 1st generation: the lightest and most stable particles
     • - 6 particles which are related in pairs
   • Boson (force-carrier particles)
     • scalar boson
       • the higgs boson
         • the higgs boson
           • the missing piece of the Standard Model
           • the quantum excitation of Higgs field
           • In 2012, a particles which is consistent with the Higgs boson, but it will take more work to determine if it is the Higgs boson in Standard Model
         • the higgs field
           • breaks the symmetry that made particles massless
           • exists everywhere
           • elementary particles get their masses from their interactions with the Higgs field
           • Particles that interact more strongly with the Higgs field are heavier
     • gauge bosons
       • 4 bosons carry 3 fundamental forces
         • the weak force
           • Z boson
           • W boson
         • the strong force
           • gluon
         • the electromagnetic force
           • photon

2. Classify all the subatomic particles known

3. Beyond the Standard Model

   • the lack of gravitational force in the Standard Model
   • the lack of correct accounting of the mass of neutrinos in the Standard Model
   • there are still many unexplained phenomena.

4. A complete description of electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces

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