Settlement

Settlement

1. Urbanisation

   • Fastest in LEDCS
     • Less already there
     • New cities + jobs
     • Most already do in MEDCs
   • Growth of proportion living in urban areas
     • 50% of world
     • Rural-urban migration
       • Countryside to cities
       • Push
         • Fewer jobs
         • Lack of services
         • Poor harvests
       • Pull
         • More jobs
         • Better services
       • Normall young people
   • Impacts
     • Urban areas
       • Overcrowding
       • <traffic,pollution and waste
       • Squatter settlements
     • Rural areas
       • Population falls
         • Even fewer services as less users
           • less demand
           • Fewer taxes so less funding
       • Elderly population
         • High dependancy ratio
         • Strains services
   • Management
     • Urban
       • More houses
       • Better public transport and infrastructure
         • Solves traffic and pollution
       • Better services
       • LEDCs
         • Self help schemes
     • Rural
       • Investing in local services
       • Loans and grants to businesses
       • Improving local transprt

2. Counter-urbanisation

   • MEDCs
   • Push
     • Pollution
     • Crime
     • Housing
   • Pull
     • Technology
     • Out of town business parks
   • Impacts
     • Rural
       • Increased demand for houses
       • Commuters leave villages
         • Empty during day
     • Urban
       • Cities empty and disused
         • Urban decline
       • Services in cities no longer used
         • Shut down
     • Management
       • Urban
         • Urban redevelopment
           • More attractive
         • Regenerating shopping areas
       • Rural
         • Housing for locals
         • Investing in services in villages

3. Urban land use

   • Concentric model
     • 1:Central Business District
       • Shops and banks
         • Financial centre
       • Offices
       • Luxury goods
     • 2:Light manufacturing
       • Industry
       • High rise housing
       • Shops
       • Old factories
     • 3:Residential
       • Terraced housing
         • First time buyers
       • Some services
         • Post offices
       • Entertainment
         • Football stadiums
     • 4:Suburbs
       • Semis and detatched homes
         • Middle class
         • Gardens
       • Supermarkets
       • Schools
     • 5:Rural-urban fringe
       • Detached, large housing
         • Cheaper land and more of it
       • Retail parks and shopping centres
       • Ring roads
   • Sector model
     • In strips, or 'sectors'
       • Upper class housing on opposite side of prevailing winds
         • No pollution
     • Due to feautures
       • Roads
       • Train tracks
       • Rivers
   • Combined model most appropriate

4. Urban development

   • Planners look at various needs
     • Social
       • More housing
       • Room for social activities
       • Better transport
     • Economic
       • More jobs
         • Business parks and out of town shopping
           • Unused lands
     • Social
       • More waste disposal
       • Green space
   • Sustainability
     • Meets current needs but allows for future needs to be met
     • Carbon Neutral homes
       • Solar panels
     • Brownfeild sites
     • Public transport
     • Recycling facilities

5. Retail services

   • Changing retail services
     • Changes to transport
       • More cars
         • People travel further
           • More out of town shopping centres
           • Less small convenience stores
     • Changing market forces
       • Varying supply and demand
     • Economic state
       • Weak economy and unemployment
         • Money lending
         • Pawn brokers
       • Strong
         • Luxury goods
   • Two types of consumer goods
     • High order
     • Low order
   • Threshold population
     • Minimum to support a shop
   • Sphere of influence
     • Area people will come from