First Term

First Term

1. linkers

   • In spite of/ Despite of
     • Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. I love London in spite of the bad weather.
   • However
     • Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. I love London. However, the weather is bad.
   • Whereas
     • Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas. This cell phone plan costs $0.05 per minute, whereas that one gives you up to 800 minutes per month for a fixed price.
   • Because
     • Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position. I was late because there was so much traffic.
   • Because of
     • Introduce a noun phrase. Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.
   • In order to
     • Introduce an infinitive of purpose. I'm going to Ireland in order to visit my family.
   • So that
     • Introduce a sentence. I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.
   • As a consequence
     • Introduces a sentence. No commas. As a consequence of the war, the prices of all food rised very high prices
   • In addition
     • Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places to do research. In addition, it has hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.
   • For example
     • Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas. To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures. For example, making your spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving him a massage after a tiring day.

2. Phrasal verbs

   • bring
     • Can you bring back the book I lent you tomorrow?'
     • The Berlin Wall was brought down in 1989.'
     • 'My favourite author is bringing out a new book next month.'
   • make
     • Make for the hills, a tsunami is approaching!
     • His parents made his bedroom into a billiards room once he moved out.
   • keep
     • Josh is never seen without his bag. He always keeps it around.
     • This is a dangerous area. Keep away!
   • come
     • The newspaper comes out every Monday through Friday. or The moon came out last night.
     • Our boss really came down on us after we made that mistake.
     • You became the mayor of your city? Wow! How did that come about?

3. Causative Have

   • We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it.
     • I cleaned my house
     • A cleaner cleaned my house.
     • I had my house cleaned.
     • I had my car washed.
     • The students get their essays checked.
     • He got his washing machine fixed.
     • I had the electrician look at my broken light.
     • The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
     • The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
     • I'll get my hair cut next week.

4. Idioms

   • Food
     • apple of one's eye. a person that is adored by someone
     • bun in the oven. be pregnant
     • bad egg. a person who is often in trouble
     • big cheese. very important person
     • bread and butter. necessities, the main thing
   • Parts of the body
     • all ears. fully listening
     • break a leg. good-luck
     • cold feet. nervous just before a big event
     • cost an arm and a leg. be very expensive
     • cry your heart out. cry very hard
   • Weather
     • As right as rain. to feel fine and healthy.
     • Be a breeze. to be very easy to do.
     • Be snowed under. to have so much to do that you are having trouble doing it all.
     • Break the ice. to say or do something to make someone feel relaxed or at ease in a social setting.
     • Calm before the storm. the quiet, peaceful period before a moment of great activity or mayhem.
   • Money
     • above par. more than average, above normal, more than the face value of a bond or stock or currency
     • almighty dollar. money when it is viewed as more important than anything else
     • ante up. to pay money, to produce a necessary amount of money
     • as phony as a three-dollar bill. phony, not genuine
     • as poor as a church mouse. very poor.