Primate Order

Primate Order

1. Strepsirrhini

2. Haplorrhini

   • Cercopithecoidea family
     • Colobinae
       • Thomas Langur
         • Food
           • Competitive
             • Interactions short
           • Smaller patches
           • Less aggressive
             • No threats or submission signals
           • Foli-frugivorous
             • More aggressive in patches with leafs
           • Dominance hierarchy between females
             • Age-graded
         • Group living
           • Co-operation
           • Individualistic
             • Varies from 3 to 21 species
           • Less aggressive when male present
         • Mating system
           • 1-Male groups
             • Polygynous
           • Outside males attack mother and infants
         • Comparitive anatomy
           • Diurnal
           • Locomotion
             • Move through forest on four feet and leaping
         • Risks
           • Biogeography
           • Effects of climate change
             • More flexible with dietary needs
             • Can persist in anthropogenically challenged areas
           • Population declines of up to 30%
             • IUCN red list
           • Hunting, logging
           • Food availability less important for them as they jump between crowns
             • opposed to gibbons and orangutans who reply on suspensory locomotion
         • Both males and females disperse from natal groups
           • Females will disperse without infants to avoid infanticide and inbreeding
       • Digestive system, jaw and teeth
         • Suitable for folivores
         • Deep jaw
       • Reduced thumbs
       • Long tail
       • Widely spaced orbit
     • Cercopithecinae
       • Long-tailed macaque
         • Mating system
           • Multi M groups
             • Dominant male has 80% of offspring
               • Guards receptive females
           • Higher ranking females have more offspring
         • Group living
           • Co-operation
             • Sleep together for thermoregulation
             • No shared parental care
               • Females can 'kidnap' offspring which leads to death mostly
           • Nepotisitic, linear system
           • More clearly defined F-F relationships
           • Where there is lack of predators, there are smaller groups
         • Comparative anatomy
           • Copulation calls 70% of mating
           • Most move terrestrial but some take to trees
         • Food
           • Competitive
             • In any patch, irrespective of size
             • Contest-competition more important for F-F
               • Long competitive interactions
             • More aggressive outside food patches
               • as confirmed dominance outside
               • Not as aggressive inside patch
           • Frugivorous
             • When fruit unavailable, utilise insects
         • Risks
           • Biogeography
           • Effects of climate change
           • Disease transmission
           • Considered an invasive alien species
             • Human-wildlife conflict
         • Females remain in natal group, have strong dominant hierarchy
           • Passed down from mother to daughter
           • Highest ranking males more access to reproductive females
             • Males emmigrate into adjacent groups
             • When male takes over from dominant male there will be infanticide
       • Small stomachs
       • Well-developed thumbs
       • Short/long tail
       • Cheek pouches
       • Orbits close together
       • Shallow jaw