ACAHW&B further reading

ACAHW&B further reading

1. Day 2006, vaccine side effects

   • data suggests that overall prevalence of true adverse reactions is exceedingly low and that vaccination does not significantly contribute to ill-health
   • there is in increased public interest in vaccination issues with transfer from publicity in human vaccine side effects to those perceived to occur in animals
   • reduced population uptake on vaccination would lead to re-emergence of diseases in both human and animals
   • vaccine manufacturers are moving towards developing non-adjuvanted products with an extended duration of immunity.
   • feline sarcomas are thought to be caused by the adjuvent in the vaccine resulting in a genetic change that prediposed to neoplasia
   • some breeds rottweiler and doberman have increases susceptibility to parvovirus which may cause sub-optimal response to vaccination
   • the POOCH survey initiated by NOAH found that there was not an increased risk of illness after vaccination

2. parasites

   • echinococcus granulosus Urquhart el al 1996
     • prepatent period in the final host 40-50 days with one segment shed a week
     • eggs viable on the ground for 2 years
     • in the intermidiate host hydatid cysts take 6-12 months to develop
     • in liver and lungs grows u to 20 cm in other prediliction sites growth is unregualted
     • shepp 70 % in lungs 25% liver horses and cattle 90% liver
     • adult worm is non-pathogenic and thousands may be present without CS
     • in aniamls cyst are tolarated without CS if in liver and lungs, in man this is not true in lungs respiratory symptioms may be seen andin liver gross abdominal distension may be seen, risk of death from reupture.
     • Tx with praziquantel and confine dog for 48 hours to remove infected faeces
   • Dipylidium caninum
     • flea or louse intermediat host
     • non pathogenic and several hundards can be tolorated
     • contorl is achieved with anthelmintic, insecticides and envirmental clenaing
   • ixodes ricinus
     • quest usually march-june august-novemebr
     • tempary parasite feeding for 26-28 days in 3 years

3. nutritional diseases

   • hepatic disease
     • zine is added as this is used in ammonia removal so and also displaces copper avoiding accumulation in liver cells
     • inferior types of protein are undigested and get fermented by bacteria in the colon causing blooms of bacteria which then break down dietry protein and leds to increased ammonia levels
     • limited sodium to minimize hepatic portal hypertension
   • diabetes
     • neutering
     • low carb diets have been shown to increase the lilelihood of remision with good glycemic control
     • high protein diets rather then carbohydrates may be used and allow a greater food and calarie intake having minimal effect on blood glucose

4. behaviour

   • Fiszdan 2010 cat behaviour
     • 73% of cats deemed to have at least on problem, 50% scratching funiture,28.6 inappropriate urination which was more common in neutered animals and older animals
   • inappropriate urination
     • can be caused by medical problems such as tenesmus as the pain is associated with the litter tray causing litter tray adviodence
     • 50% of reffered cases are assoicated with FLUTD
     • more common in persians
     • most common cause litter box aversion

5. pedigree breeding

   • CAWC, 2006 identified 4 reasons why welfare associated with genetic change is importent
     • effects a large number of dogs 75% of dogs in the uk are pure breed
     • the effect perpetuate from generation to generation
     • animals QOL is severly reduced
     • effects are long lasting
   • Rooney and Sargan, 2009
     • selective breeding by people has led to the problems so we have a moral obligation to solve it
     • dogs of certain breeds are born with a high likleihood of being denied one of the five freedoms
     • behavioural problems may also occur eg hungaria pull should have hair that covers the eyes leading to it being easily startled and react fearfully and aggressively