muscular dystophy

muscular dystophy

1. Anatomy of the foot

   • Bones
     • talus, calcaneus, cuneiformes (3), cuboid, and navicular
     • metatarsus (5): first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bone
     • phalanges (14)
   • ligaments
     • medial collateral
       • tibionavicular
       • tibiocalcaneal
       • ant. and post. tibiotalar
     • lateral collateral
       • calcaneofibular
       • ant. and post talofibular
     • post. tibiofibular
   • Joints
     • Inferior tibio-fibular joint
       • Fibrous/syndysmosis
     • ankle joint
       • articulation
         • mortise
         • talus
       • movements
         • dorsiflexion
         • planterflexion
   • Muscles
     • 1st layer
       • Abductor hallucis
       • Flexor digitorum brevis
       • Abductor digiti minim
     • 2nd layer
       • Quadratus plantae
         • tendon of FHL
           • tendon of FDL
       • Lumbricals
     • 3rd layer
       • Flexor digiti minim
         • Flexor hallucis brevis
           • Adductor hallucis
     • 4th layer
       • Plantar interossei
         • Dorsal interossei
           • tendon of TP
             • tendon of FL
   • Nerve
     • post. tibial
       • Lateral Plantar
         • the rest of foot muscles
       • Medial Plantar
         • 1) Abductor hallucis. 2) Flexor digitorum brevis. 3) Flexor hallucis brevis 4) First lumbrical muscle
     • cutaneus
       • sole
       • dorsum
   • blood supply
   • Gait Cycle
     • Abnormalities in
       • skeleton
       • muscles
       • nervous system
     • STRIDE
     • STEP
   • Physical examination
     • special tests

2. Management

   • STEROIDS
   • creatine monohydrate

3. Psychological aspects

   • marginalization and isolation
   • hypochondriac thoughts
   • anxiety
   • self-depreciation

4. TYPES

   • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
     • Complications
       • Mental impairment
       • Heart arrhythmias
       • Congestive heart failure
       • Cardiomyopathy
     • MICROSCOPIC
     • mode of inheritance
       • X-LINKED RESESSIVE
     • Tests for DMD
       • function of the thyroid
       • MUSCLE BIOPSY
       • Dystrophin test
       • Creatinine
       • EMG
       • Creatin kinase test
     • DMD is caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact
     • symptoms
       • GOWER'S SIGN
   • Becker muscular dystrophy
   • Oculopharyngeal distal
   • Facio scapulohumeral congenital

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