LINKING WORDS

LINKING WORDS

1. Although

   • Both of them express a contrast without denying the information in the main clause, they are followed by a sentence
     • If the subordinate clause comes first, it’s then separated by a comma.
       • Sometimes it's possible to reduce the concessive clause by leaving out the main verb.
         • Although I very tired, we watched the whole of the play.
         • You should only do this when the concessive clause refers to the subject of the main clause . YOU WOULDN’T SAY
           • Although very boring, we watched the whole of the play.(WHILE ISN'T POSSIBLE HERE).
           • The clause with although can come at the end.
             • We found a table, although the café was crowded.
       • Although the weather was very cold, we decided to go for a walk.
       • The goverment passed the new law although many people opposed it.

2. Though

   • Is more usual in speaking
     • Appears at the end of a separate sentence, preceded in that case by a comma
       • I agree with the idea. I don’t think it’s very practical, though.
       • I liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it, though.
   • Though is informal and means the same as although.
     • Though/although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it.

3. While

   • We can use to contrast two aspect of the same thing or two similar things within a sentence
     • While I agree with the idea, I don’t think it’s very practical.
     • Some of my friends have found work while others are still unemployed. (ALTHOUGH IS ALSO POSSIBLE HERE).

4. However

   • We use it when the contrast is expressed in a separate sentence. Always is between a point and a comma.
     • The goverment passed the new law. However, many people were against it.
     • I agree with the idea. I don’t think it’s very practical, however.
     • HOWEVER is a Little formal.
       • The new system was supposed to be more efficient. However, in practice it caused chaos/In practice, however, it caused chaos.

5. In spite of//Despite

   • Both linkers are used to express the idea of something unexpected that is happening. We use these before a noun, the ing-form of a verb in a sentence introduced by the fact that (not usually a personal pronoun) to express concession or contrast.
     • In spite of/ Despite cold weather, we decided to go for a walk.
     • The goverment passed the new law in spite of/ despite the opposition.
     • Mark went on working in spite of/despite feeling unwell.
     • If we use these prepositions with a clause, we have to include the fact that.
       • The goverment passed the new law in spite of/despite the fact that many people were against it.
       • Despite and in spite of cannot be followed by a main verb. YOU CANNOT SAY
         • Despite he was late, John had another cup of coffee

6. But

   • We can join two sentences. It expresses a contrast or conflict between two ideas. (WE CAN ALSO USE ALTHOUGH)
     • The café was crowded, but we found a table.
       • Although the café was crowded, we found a table.
     • Nick has a car, but he doesn’t often drive it.
       • Although Nicky has a car, he doesn’t often drive it.

7. Even though

   • EVEN THOUGH is stronger, more emphatic than although.
     • Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he’d been playing squash.
     • Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try to be nice with her.
     • Add emphasis to the contrast already expressed
       • When using EVEN THOUGH, the information is sure
         • It’s followed by a sentence.
           • She was still upset about the delay even though he apologized (sure).

8. Even if

   • When using EVEN IF, the information is NOT sure
     • It’s followed by a sentence.
       • She would still be upset even if he hed apologized. (not sure)

9. While,//Whereas//On the other hand

   • They are used when two ideas are being compared and contrasted within a sentence to speak about their differences, but without contradicting each other. Followed by a sentence
     • I said that I prefered travelling to Ireland, while/whereas he wanted to visit Paris.
     • While/whereas he chose a chocolate cake for dessert, I chose Apple pie.
     • The flat is conveniently located. On the other hand, there´s a lot of noise from the traffic/ There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from the traffic.
     • SOMETIMES EITHER BUT OR WHEREAS IS POSSIBLE:
       • The red pills make me feel sick, but/whereas the blue oned don’t.

10. To

    • We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose.
      • Most people work to earn money
      • I rang to find out the train times.
      • We can use the negative in order not to and so as not to

11. In order to//So as to

    • These are more formal than TO
      • The goverment took these measures in order to reduce crime.
      • We can use the negative in order not to and so as not to
        • Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.
        • WE CANNOT USE NOT ON ITS OWN.
          • Samuel was hurrying to catch her bus. NOT: He was hurrying not to miss his bus.

12. So that

    • After so that we use a subject and verb.
      • We often used will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose:
        • I’ll give you a map so that you can find/ you’ll find the way all right.
        • I gave Nick a map so that he could find/ would be able to find the way all right.

13. To or For?

    • We can use for with a noun tos ay why we do something
      • To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form
        • But we don’t use for + an ing-form to talk about an specific action.
          • I put he heater on to keep the plants warm. NOT: I putt he heater on for keeping the plants warm.
        • This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic.
      • Why don’t you come over for the coffee?

14. Time words

    • When, While, As soon as
      • My leg hurts when I walk (=at the time I walk)
      • -Mark heard the news on the radio as/while he was driving home (= during the time he was driving)
      • We’re going to tidy up after everyone’s gone (=later than everyone goes)
      • As soon as Laura had left the house, it started to rain (=immediately after she had left)
      • I must get to the post office before it closes (=earlier than it closes)
      • You have to wait until the light changes to Green (= up to the time it changes)
      • David hasn’t been able to work since he broke his leg (=from the time he broke his leg)
      • Remeber that we use the Present Simple for future time after when.
        • We say before it closes, until it changes.
      • If, unless and in case
        • IF: I'll use my own hat, if you please.
        • UNLESS: Unless he called her, he hadn't said anything to her.
        • IN CASE: Use this fire extinguisher in case of fire

15. Reason clause

    • It explains information in the main clause, can present information in a logical way by coming first.
      • CONJUCTIONS COMMONLY USED ARE: AS, BECAUSE, SINCE, FOR
        • For is rather literary.
          • We can also use these prepositions.
            • The match hasbeen cancelled BECAUSE OF the weather.
            • The shop was closed DUE TO illness
            • OWING TO its remote situation, the village has no electicity supply
            • IN VIEW OF the test results, we expect the drug to be approved

16. Because and so

    • We use because to express the reason for something and so to express the result of something
      • It was cold, so I turned the heating on
      • I turned the heating on because it was cold.

17. To, In order to, and So that

    • We use these words to express purpose
      • TO: Sah went to Germany to meet a client.
      • IN ORDER TO: We’re having to borrow money in order to pay our bills.
      • SO THAT: I took the bread out of the freezer so that it would defrost.

18. Introduction

    • Too, after all, for example, on the other hand
      • They all make a link with an earlier sentence.
        • -When I was a child, I was dancer, too. -Europe is offering opportunities but, on the other hand,no one is making use of them. -I did it. After all, I am not an unreasonable man. -The eye is a telescope, for example.

19. Words and phrases meaning 'and?, 'but' and 'so'

    • AND
      • I went, TOO/AS WELL
      • .... He ALSO was an artist
      • There is native wildllife. IN ADDITION, the animals we have purchased,
      • I'm too tired to go for a walk. BESIDES, it's raining.
      • Its beautiful. FURTHERMORE, it's cheap.
    • BUT
      • We broke up. Still, I love you
      • The concert was short. However, it was ok
      • My salary is really low. Nevertheless/all the same I find the work incredibly rewarding.
      • Europe is offering opportunities but, on the other hand,no one is making use of them.
    • SO
      • The storm made the forest pitch dark. Therefore, searching was useless until it abated
      • He didn't wake up early. Consequently/as a result, he was late to work.
    • They are rather formal and typical of written English

20. Other linking words and phrases

    • REPHRASING, CORRECTING YOURSELF, CONTRADICTING PICKING UP A TOPIC SUPPORTING A STATEMENT DISMISSING SOMETHING GIVING AN EXAMPLE , CHANGING THE SUBJECT
      • CORRECTING YOURSELF
        • I playing basquetball. I mean/or rather volleyball
      • CONTRADICTING
        • I love mathematics. On the contrary, I hate them.
      • PICKING UP A TOPIC
        • I get points easily. Talking of science,, I'm good
      • DISMISSING SOMETHING
        • I shall go and see the patient anyway
      • SUPPORTING A STATEMENT
        • They felt weary after all their hard work
      • GIVING AN EXAMPLE
        • In man the genes that control gender are on the Y chromosome, for example/for instance,
      • CHANGING THE SUBJECT
        • I was enchanted by the way she smiled
      • REPHRASING
        • He has another appointment on Thursday. In other words, I don't think he'll be attending your gathering

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