Approaches & Methods

Approaches & Methods

1. Grammatical Approach

   • Teacher-centered
   • Rules & structure of language
   • Grammar-translation :development of reading, writing, and grammar
   • Direct: Total immersion in L2, no use of L1
   • Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practice

2. Communicative Approach

   • Student-centered on communication and acquisition
   • Integrated Content Based: L2 development, content & language integration, and themes
   • Sheltered Instruction: scaffold instruction, visuals, cooperative learning, and guided vocabulary
   • Historical Silent Way: Teacher model talk, repetition, signals, seldom content
     • Historical natural Way: comprehensible input, acceptance of L1, minimal error correction
       • Historical Suggestopedia: relaxed setting, L1 for explanations

3. Cognitive Approach

4. Integrated Content Based Instruction

   • Integrates student biography
     • Sociocultural
       • Cognitive
         • Academic
           • Linguistic
   • Implements 3 key factors
     • Use of a variety of media
       • development of thinking skills
         • student-centered instruction
   • ICB Lesson Process
     • Planning
     • Instruction
     • Assessment

5. Sheltered Method of Instruction

   • Strategies
     • Hands-on activities
       • Cooperative Learning
         • Guarded Vocabulary
           • Visuals
             • Specifically Designed Academic Instruction
             • Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol

6. CALLA Method of Instruction

   • Purpose of CALLA:
     • Focus on learner
       • Improve academic language profenciency
         • Motivate with content topics
           • Teach learning strategies
   • Academic Language
     • Authentic Content
       • Aligned to standards
         • Linked to prior cultural knowledge
           • Hands-on inquiry based tasks
     • Language developed through content
       • Vocabulary and discourse of content
         • Five Phases
           • Preparation
             • Presentation
           • Practice
           • Expansion
             • Self-evaluation
     • Linked to prior linguistic knowledge

7. Cognitive Approach

   • learner-centered on explicit learning strategies
   • developmentatlly appropriate language instruction
   • focus on prior knowledge
   • Explicit instruction: Metacognitive, Cognitive, Social/affective
   • CALP development in L1 & L2

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