C1

C1

1. Fundamental ideas

   • Periodic table
     • Show elements
       • An element is a substance made from one kind of atom.
     • Vertical column known as 'group'
       • Elements in groups have similar properties and the same number of electrons on the outer shell.
     • Horizontal rows known as 'periods'
   • Atoms
     • Atoms make up everything around us
     • Made up of PROTONS, NEUTRONS and ELECTRONS
       • Protons are found in the nucleus, have a positive charge and a mass of 1
       • Neutrons are found in the nucleus, have a neutral charge and a mass of 1.
       • Elections are found on the outer shells of atoms, have a negative charge and a mass of 0.
     • No. of protons=No. of electrons
     • Mass number= sum of protons and electrons
   • Electronic structure
     • 1st shell can only hold 2 electrons
     • 2nd shell can hold up to 8 electrons
     • 3rd shell can hold up to 8 electrons
     • Number of electrons in outer shell shows reactivity.
       • Elements such as Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have 1 electron on their outer shell meaning they are VERY reactive.
       • Elements such as Helium, Neon and Argon have full outer shells and are VERY unreactive.
   • Compounds and bonding
     • A compound is a substance made from more than one elements chemically combined.
     • A mixture is a substance made from elements or compounds not bonded together.
     • All atoms want a full outer shell of electrons.
       • They can do this by...
         • Gaining or losing electrons (Ionic bonding)
           • Occurs between metals and non metals
         • Sharing electrons (Covalent bonding)
           • Occurs between non metals only

2. Limestone

   • Cycle
     • Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) thermally decomposes to form Calcium Oxide (Quick lime)
       • Sym eq. CaCO3->CaO+CO2
     • Calcium oxide reacts with water to form Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime)
       • Sym eq. CaO+H2O->Ca(OH)2
     • Carbon Hydroxide reacts with more water to form Carbon Hydroxide solution, used to test for CO2
       • When CO2 is added to solution, Calcium Carbonate is made
         • Sym eq. Ca(OH)2+CO2->CaCO3+H2O
   • When Calcium Carbonate is heated, it thermally decomposes to produce Calcium oxide.
     • This happens with other metal carbonates when heated
       • Metal carbonate->Metal oxide+carbon dioxide
   • Symbols:
     • CaCO3=Calcium Carbonate
     • CaO=Calcium Oxide
     • Ca(OH)2=Calcium hydroxide
   • Thermal decomposition is when a substance is heated and produces new substances.
   • Quarrying
     • Negatives of quarrying
       • Produces dust
       • Noisy
       • Creates traffic
       • Destroys landscapes
       • Destroys habitats
     • Positives of quarrying
       • Creates local jobs
       • Boosts local economy
       • Provides building materials
   • Building materials made from Limestone
     • Cement - heating powdered limestone with powdered clay in a kiln
     • Mortar - cement mixed with sand, water and sometimes Calcium Hydroxide
     • Concrete - cement mixed with sand and aggregate (water and gravel)

3. Metals

   • Displacement is a reaction where an atom, radical or molecule replaces another in a compound.
   • Reduction is the loss of oxygen from a substance
   • Extraction of metals
     • Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores with bacteria
     • Phytomining is the extraction of a substance using plants and trees.

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