Memory model_1

Memory model_1

1. Sensory memory

   • Holds the enormous amount of sensory data, possibly all info that impacts the sensory receptors but last for brief of time or as long as neural activity produced by sensation continues
     • Information held in here compared to rapidly fading echo of input
   • sensory input is translated into several types of code or representation:mental model of a bit of information that exist even when the information is no longer available, input remain separate in sensory memory
     • visual codes(iconic memories) - temporary storage of info about visual images
     • Haptic codes - process touch and other body senses
     • Acoustic codes(echo memories)- represent sound and words
   • we need to collect incoming data until it makes sense to process further

2. Short term memory

   • Acoustic codes, visual codes, semantic codes, meaning of words
     • research
       • many errors made based on sounds(acoustic codes)
       • immediate translation of some sensory experiences into sounds of language
       • Visual codes - recall features of map
       • influence of words meanings in encoding: memory for similar lists was the best
   • Rehearsal: repetition of information, data are easily replaced by new incoming bits of data
   • capacity: limit to 4 items
     • search content to find right info fast
   • Brief duration
     • room freed up regularyly for incoming info
   • Use
     • use info and discard
       • use info without overburdening out capacities
   • Expand capacity :chunking: group similar or useful information together

3. Working memory: extension of short term memory to include active manipulation of multiple types of information simulteneously (short term memory: passive storage of info)

   • participants could manage 2 short term memory task at a time
     • Phonological loop: auditory and verbal information
     • short term memory: processing one task at a time
     • visuospatial sketch pad: holds visual and spatial information
     • Central executive: manages other process and direct attention to particular task(e.g discussing the map direction)
       • ACC
         • explain differences in working memory abilities
           • higher ACC activation in those with larger memory capacity
       • Prefrontal cortex
         • difficulting in sorting cards with changing rules
         • Object permanence
           • search for object when it is out of sight: formed mental representation of the object in memory

4. Long Term memory

   • unlimited capacity or duration, but may have difficulty of retrieval when memory is older(different from losing it
     • rehearsal: info shifted from working and ST memory to LT
       • maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition of material
       • Elaboration rehearsal: linking material with things one already know(more effective)
         • levels of processing theory
           • details: visual appearance, sound, meaning and personal relevance to the word (depth of processing from shallow to deep, encoding visual appearance take less effort and time
             • we recall more words when instructions elicited encoding of meaning of words rather than asking us to determine surface features of words
           • deeper level of processing accompanied by subvocal speech(tiny activities of muscles of speech
     • system of associations or cue to locate data instead of searching one-by-one
       • serial position effect:recall of items takes on U shape appearance when retrieval is plotted as function of an item's position in the list
         • primacy effect: superior recall of first few words due to greater share of rehearsal, more like story in LTM
         • Recency effect: superior recall of last few words as it is in the working memory at the time of recall (unable to retrieve info if qn is delated by 30s unlike info in LTM)
   • coding of info: auditory, visual, semantic
     • semantic coding is more significant in LTM than in working memory

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