Introduce el texto aquí

Introduce el texto aquí

1. Ethernet protocol

   • Ethernet Frame
     • Ethernet encapsulation
       • Ethernet works on the data link layer and the physical layer. It is a family of network technologies that are defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards.
     • MAC Sublayer
       • As shown in the illustration, the Ethernet MAC sublayer has two main tasks: Data encapsulation Media access control
     • Ethernet raster fields
   • Ethernet MAC addresses
     • MAC and hexadecimal address
       • An Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits (4 bits per hexadecimal digit).
     • MAC Address: Ethernet Identity
     • Frame processing
       • Often, the MAC address is known as the "physical address (BIA)" because, historically, this address is physically recorded in the read-only memory (ROM) of the NIC.
     • Unicast MAC address
       • A unicast MAC address is the unique address used when a frame is sent from a single transmitting device to a single receiving device.
     • Broadcast MAC address
       • Broadcast packets have a destination IPv4 address that contains only one (1) numbers in the host portion. This numbering in the address means that all hosts in that local network (broadcast domain) will receive and process the packet.
     • Multicast MAC address
       • Multicast addresses allow a source device to send a packet to a group of devices. A multicast group IP address is assigned to the devices that belong to a multicast group.

2. LAN switches

   • MAC address table
     • Basics of switches
     • Filtrado de tramas
   • Switch forwarding methods
     • Frame forwarding methods for Cisco switches
       • The switches use one of the following forwarding methods for data switching between ports on the network: Storage and shipping switching Switching by cutting method
     • Switching by cutting method
       • The switch that uses the cutting method sends the frame before receiving it in its entirety. At a minimum, the destination address must be read so that the frame can be sent.
     • Memory buffering on the switches
       • In the port-based memory buffer, frames are stored in queues connected to specific input and output ports.
         • The shared memory buffer deposits all the frames in a common memory buffer shared by all the ports of the switch.
   • Switch port configuration
     • Duplex and speed settings

3. Address resolution protocol

   • MAC and IP
     • Physical address (MAC address): used for Ethernet NIC communications to Ethernet NIC in the same network. Logical address (IP address): used to send the packet from the initial source to the final destination.
     • Remote destination network
   • ARP
     • ARP functions
       • When a packet is sent to the data link layer to encapsulate it in an Ethernet frame, the device queries a table in its memory to find the MAC address that is assigned to the IPv4 address. This table is called "ARP table" or "ARP cache". The ARP table is stored in the RAM of the device.
     • ARP tables
   • ARP problems
     • ARP broadcasts
       • ARP broadcasts can saturate local media.
     • ARP impersonation

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