P4 - Atomic Structure

P4 - Atomic Structure

1. PARTICLES

   • GAS
     • PARTICLES HAVE HIGH COLLISION AND MOVE VERY RAPIDLY
   • SOLID
     • IN A FIXED POSITION WITH NO MOVEMENT AND STRONG FORCES BETWEEN EACH PARTICLE
   • LIQUID
     • THEY VIBRATE IN THEIR FIXED POSITION WITH MODERATE FORCE STRENGTH.

2. EQUATIONS

   • CHANGE IN THERMAL ENERGY= MASS X SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY X TEMPERATURE CHANGE
   • THERMAL ENERGY FOR A CHANGE OF STATE= MASS X SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
   • DENSITY= MASS ÷ VOLUME

3. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

   • ATOMIC NUMBER IS THE AMOUNT OF PROTONS
   • GAMMA
     • GAMMA HAS THE MOST PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE OF 0, HAS A MASS OF 0 AMU, HAS A RANGE OF TEN METRES, IS THE LEAST IONISING AND IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
   • BETA
     • BETA HAS MEDIUM PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE OF 1-, HAS A MASS OF 1/200, HAS A RANGE OF 1 M IN AIR, HAS MEDIUM IONISATION AND IS A FAST ELECTRON
   • ALPHA
     • ALPHA HAS THE LEAST PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE OF 2+, HAS A MASS OF 4 AMU, HAS A RANGE OF 10 CM IN AIR, IS THE MOST IONISING AND IS A HELIUM NUCLEUS
   • HALF LIFE IS : THE TIME TAKEN FOR HALF THE NUMBER OF ISOTOPES TO DECAY.
     • ISOTOPE= each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

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