IB paper 1 Text types

IB paper 1 Text types

1. Articles( Newspapers,magazines

   • Context, audience, purpose
     • Context: briefly in the question
     • audience:Indicated by where the article will be published
     • Purpose:inform or to report - but we may also include 'interest', 'explore', 'study'.
   • Register and tone:
     • semi_formal to formal register and the tone depends on the task
   • Format
     • 1- Headline / title 2 Sub-headline, summarising 3 Byline (author, date, location) 4 Short paragraphs (possibly) 5 Sub-headings (possibly)

2. BLOG

   • Context, audience, purpose
     • Context:set out in the question
     • Audience:interested in the subject matter or internet-interested people
     • Purpose: interest / entertain / amuse / be provocative & stimulating
   • Register and tone
     • Register is semi-formal to formal and the tone is personal - chatty, direct and unpretentious
   • Basic format: Heading, conclusion, lucid paragraphing

3. Brochure, leaflet, pamphlet

   • Context, audience, purpose
     • contexts: et out in the question
     • Audience Is defined by how context and purpose are linked
     • Purpose:Publicity
   • Register and tone
     • Register semi-formal to formal and the tone is simple and direct
   • Basic Format
     • 1 Main heading 2 Use of multiple sections 3 Subheadings 4 Succinct explanation 5 Background information

4. Diary / journal entry

   • Journal entry = private writing about the development of one's own ideas
     • Diary entry = private writing reflecting on the events of one's own life and times
   • Context, audience, purpose
     • Context assumed to be the writer's own life (Invented)
     • Audience Journal is possibly public. Dairy is essentially private
     • Purpose: 'record' some experiences of personal significance
   • Register and tone
     • Register Informal and the tone is personal
   • Basic Format
     • 1 Heading (dates) 2 Conclusion 3 Lucid paragraphing
   • Conventions
     • first person narration,closing statement to round off the entry,avoid self-evident explanatory phrases,date and/or day

5. E-mail / letter

   • E-mail
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • Context describe a background situation, which the writer wishes to communicate to
       • Audience specified friend / acquaintance
       • Purpose express and explore personal attitudes and experience
     • Register and tone
       • Register informal and the tone is lively, engaging tone and style
     • Conventions
       • clear sense of address to a specific person,an appropriate opening salutation, an appropriate closing salutation.
     • Basic Format
       • 1 standard heading of 'from / to / date 2 informal opening and closing salutations
   • Formal Letter
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • Context a background situation, which causes some kind of issue, about which the writer wishes to communicate some significant idea
       • Audience will be identified
       • Purpose present an argument or state a position
     • Register and tone
       • Register formal register and the tone suitably serious and respectful tone
     • Conventions
       • clear sense of address to a specific person, an appropriate opening salutation, an appropriate closing salutation, identify the recipient, date
     • Basic Format
       • 1 sender's address 2 date 3 opening/closing salutations 4 register 5 recipient's address

6. Interview

   • Context, audience, purpose
     • Context involve who is to be interviewed, and why. And the combination of these will usually indicate the angle that the interview should take
     • Audience indicate where the interview is to be published
       • Purpose depends on the interview
   • Register and tone
     • semi-formal to formal register and the tone should express interest in the person interviewed
   • Conventions
     • relevant headline/title, style aimed at involving and interesting the reader, will refer to the interview, including direct quotations, will have an introduction and a conclusion
   • Basic Format
     • - Headline / title. - Sub-headline, summarising - Byline (author, date, location) - Short paragraphs (possibly) - Sub-headings (possibly) - Interview details + context of interview + background of interviewee

7. News report

   • Context, audience, purpose
     • Context the task will describe some kind of general context or situation, and the student will have to invent the specific story and concrete details
     • Audience where the report is going to be published will define the expected audience
     • the prime purpose of a news report is to inform, factually and objectively
   • Register and tone
     • Register semi-formal to formal and the tone is impersonal
   • Conventions
     • title/headline, neutral/objective style, clearly structured layout
   • Basic Format
     • - Headline / title- Sub-headline, summarising- Byline (author, date, location)- Short paragraphs (possibly)- Sub-headings (possibly)

8. Opinion column / letter to the editor

   • a) Opinion column
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • context a general situation, which results some kind of issue
       • the audience will be defined by the publication context
       • the purpose of such columns is to discuss in a provocative and stimulating way - and explore the issue in some depth
     • Register and tone
       • semi-formal to formal register tone appropriate to task
     • Conventions
       • will have a relevant headline/title * will have an introduction intended to catch the readers’ attention * will use techniques that engage and interest readers e.g. direct address * will probably use first-person statement, but not necessarily
   • b) Letter to the Editor
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • the Editor has published something with which the writer of the letter strongly agrees/disagrees
       • the principal audience is the Editor
       • the prime purpose of such a Letter is to present the writer's particular, personal point of view
     • Register and tone
       • semi-formal to formal register * will adopt an appropriately serious tone
     • Conventions
       • will refer to the original article/issue raised * will set out to give interesting opinions in an engaging style * will include appropriate opening and closing salutations
     • Basic Format
       • - sender's address - date - opening/closing salutations ('Dear Mr/Ms ...' / 'Yours sincerely...' etc) > register : nature of 'formal' tone - what address + attitude to the recipient is expressed? - recipient's address (very optional)

9. Personal statement / cover letter

   • a) Personal statement
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • The subject matter, and approach to be taken, will be given in the task
       • the audience is assumed to be educated and informed, and capable of understanding sophisticated language
       • the purpose is actually to display clear thinking and effective argument
     • Register and tone
       • semi-formal to formal register * will have an appropriately serious tone
     • Conventions
       • will have a relevant title * will use a style that arouses interest in the reader * will have a clear and interesting introduction and conclusion
   • b) Cover letter
     • Context, audience, purpose
       • the question / task will explain the context
       • as with the Formal Letter, the audience will be identified
       • the purpose is to introduce other enclosed or attached materials, and to relate them to whatever is the overall purpose of the correspondence
     • Register and tone
       • a consistently formal register * will adopt a suitably serious and respectful tone
     • Conventions
       • will have a clear sense of address to a specific person * will have an appropriate opening salutation * will have an appropriate closing salutation

10. Proposal

    • Context, audience, purpose -
      • the context will be explained in the question
      • the audience will, again, be specified in the question
      • the purpose will be defined by the context, very largely
    • Register and tone
      • formal register, with perhaps semi-formal touches * will have a tone which aims to be objectively authoritative, but also subjectively enthusiastic
    • Conventions
      • will use a style aimed to persuade a specified audience * will have a title which summarises the overall subject * will set out the text clearly using features such as headings, short clear paragraphs, sections identified by letters/numbers/bullets, insetting etc. * will have an introduction and a conclusion
    • Basic Format
      • - overall subject title - main headings - sub-headings, bullet points, numbered sections - explicit clear organization : determined by the precise nature of the task, but these main elements should probably be recognizable: summary of aim / purpose ... present context ... future result ... advantages (+ possible drawbacks?) ... conclusion + recommendation

11. Report (official)

    • Context, audience, purpose
      • the basic context will be explained in the question
      • the audience will, again, be specified in the question
      • the fundamental purpose is to provide an objective, reliable account of some situation or event
    • Register and tone
      • will adopt a generally formal register * will have a tone which aims to be impersonally authoritative
    • Conventions
      • will have a title * will use a neutral/objective style (eg presents ideas and facts plainly) * will have a clearly structured layout (eg a clear introduction, sub-headings, short brief paragraphs/sections, etc) * will have a conclusion; or a recommendation if this has been required.
    • Basic Format
      • overall subject title - main headings - sub-headings, bullet points, numbered sections - explicit clear organisation : determined by the precise nature of the task, but these main elements should probably be recognisable: background … overall description … description of important details … concluding summary.

12. Review

    • Context, audience, purpose
      • the question is likely to propose a general context
      • the audience will usually be decided by where the article will be published
      • the prime purpose of a review is to stimulate interest, inform and judgment
    • Register and tone
      • will adopt a semi-formal register * will use a tone and style intended to engage the reader
    • Conventions
      • will include the name of the reviewer * will have an attractive, catchy title * will use a style which will attract and interest the reader
    • Basic Format
      • Headline / title - Sub-headline, summarising - Byline (author, date, location) - Short paragraphs (possibly) - Sub-headings (possibly)

13. Set of instructions, guidelines

    • Context, audience, purpose
      • the question will set up a context that requires telling people exactly what to do in precisely which circumstances
      • the audience will be specified in the task, but is likely to be the Average family
      • the purpose of both of these text types is the same: to analyze behavior in a given situation
    • Register and tone
      • will adopt a semi-formal register * will adopt a tone which is direct, clear and supportive
    • Conventions
      • * will have a clear and focused heading / title * will include a short introduction and conclusion * will set out the guidelines clearly, using techniques such as bullets, sub-headings, numbering, etc * will directly address the intended audience
    • Basic Format
      • - main heading / title - secondary headings (guidelines) - numbered sections (instructions) - short paragraphs

14. Social media posting / online forums

    • Context, audience, purpose
      • the question will set up a context by explaining what sort of social media or what sort of online forum is involved
      • the audience is likely to be specified by the kind of media/forum
      • to make a public, online statement about one's personal stance / attitude / knowledge AND/OR to respond to / comment on other people's postings
    • Register and tone
      • will adopt an informal to semi-formal register * will adopt a tone which is lively and personal, direct and clear
    • Conventions
      • will include first person statement and/or narration * will seek to engage the reader, eg through direct address, a lively and interesting style etc * will use 'typical forum techniques' e.g. references to other postings; comments about other members of the forum; etc

15. Speech, presentation, debate

    • Context, audience, purposev
      • the context will describe a situation in which a particular type of message is to be communicated orally
      • the audience can generally be assumed to be reasonably educated and informed, and capable of understanding sophisticated language
      • the purpose of the text will be some mixture of 'inform' and 'persuade
    • Register and tone
      • will use a semi-formal to informal register * will have an appropriately serious tone
    • Conventions
      • * will address the audience and keep contact with them throughout (eg use of “we” and “you” etc) * will set out to catch the audience’s attention at the beginning, and leave a clear impression at the end * will include elements of speech rhetoric eg rhetorical questions, repetition etc.
    • Basic Format
      • 'address' established : direct address to audience at the beginning - 'address' maintained : use of the pronouns 'you' and 'we' to maintain direct links with the audience ? … and/or, how consistently? - clear opening / introduction : statement of purpose - appropriate closing / conclusion : summary of case / point