RENEWABLE RESOURCES

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

1. CHAPTER 2

   • SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCES
     • BUILDING & OTHER SOLARTHERMAL APP
       • Water desalination
       • Energy-efficient buildings
       • Crop driers
       • Solar ponds
       • Air heaters
     • PHOTOVOLTAIC SGENERATION
       • “photo” refers to light and “voltaic” to voltage.
       • PV  Cell  applications
       • The P–N Junction
       • three types of material structures commonly used to produce Photovoltaics: (1) amorphous, with no order or periodicity within the compound ​ (2) polycrystalline, with local order, visible grain boundaries, and bluish color (3) single (or mono) crystalline, which is typified by long-range order and periodicity and is almost black with no visible grain boundaries. ​
     • SOLAR WATER HEATING
       • active system, solar collecting panels, the storage unit and the energy distribution system are installed with one or more working fluids.
       • passive system all the functions of collection, storage and distribution are carried out by the materials themselves.
       • The main part of a solar heating system is the collector, where solar radiation is absorbed and energy is transferred to the fluid.
     • SOLAR RADIATION
       • reaches the Earth’s surface at a maximum flux density of about ​ 1.0kWm-2 in a wavelength band between 0.3 and 2.5µm.
       • Components of radiation
         • irradiant
         • components of radiation
       • Measurements of solar radiation
       • called short ​wave radiation and includes the visible spectrum.​

2. CHAPTER 4

   • WIND ENERGY RESOURCES
     • TURBINE TYPES & TERMS
     • MECHANICAL POWER
       • 1) Sea transport 2) Grand milling 3)Water pumping
     • POWER EXTRACTION BY A TURBINE
       • The fraction of power extracted from the wind by a turbine is by the power coefficient Cp. At any instant, Cp is most dependent on the tip-speed ratio , unless the machine is controlled for other reasons (as happens below the cut-in wind speed and usually above the rated output). ​
     • CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WIND
       • 1) Wind Speed Patterns 2) Wind Speed Distribution: The Macrometeorological Range 3) Micro-meteorological Range: Turbulence 4) Distribution of Wind Direction 5) Wind Shear Profile 6) Long-term Fluctuations
     • LINEAR MOMENTUM & BASIC THEORY
     • ELECTRICITY GENERATION
       • Future development will certainly produce new and improved designs of generators and control systems as wind-generated power becomes an electrical engineering speciality.​

3. CHAPTER 1

   • PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
     • ENERGY & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
       • Major issues: effects of burning the fossil fuels - raised the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, if continues it will enhance the greenhouse effect and lead to significant climate change within a century or less, which could have major adverse impact on food production, water supply and human, e.g. through floods and cyclones
       • Numerical number: R=EN
       • Global resources: E=2 kW per person
     • FUNDAMENTALS
       • Definitions: Renewable energy(green energy@sustainable energy) is energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring in the immediate environment. ((solar)) Non-renewable energy(brown energy@finite supplies) is Energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain underground unless released by human interaction. ((oil,fossil fuels,natural gas))
       • Energy sources: The Sun, the motion and gravitational potential of the Sun, Moon and Earth, geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and radioactive decay in the Earth.​ Human-induced nuclear reactions and chemical reactions from mineral sources.​
       • Environmental energy
       • Energy planning: 1) Complete energy systems must be analysed and supply should not be considered separately from end-use. 2)System efficiency calculations can be most revealing and can pinpoint unnecessary losses. 3) Energy management is always important to improve overall efficiency and reduce economic losses
     • SCI. PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
       • The definitions of renewable (green) and finite (brown) energy supplies indicate the fundamental differences between the two forms of supply. ​ As a consequence, the efficient use of renewable energy requires the correct application of certain principles.​
       • Energy current
       • Dynamic characteristics - end-use req. , unused energy isn't wasted but remains with the source fuel. - greatly affected by irregularities
       • Situation dependence
       • Quality of supply - mechanical,heat and photon supplies
       • Complex system
       • Dispersed vs centralised energy
     • TECHNICAL & SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
       • Based on dispersed living, pollution and environmental impact, and future

4. CHAPTER 3

   • HYDROPOWER
     • SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
     • INTRODUCTION
       • Disadvantages of hydro-power: include possible adverse environmental impact, effect on fish, silting of dams, corrosion of turbines in certain water conditions, social impact of displacement of people from the reservoir site, loss of potentially productive land (often balanced by the benefits of irrigation on other land) and relatively large capital costs compared with those of fossil power stations.​
     • PRINCIPLES
       • Measurement of flow rate Q
     • IMPULSE TURBINE
       • where the flow hits the turbine as a jet in an open environment, with the power deriving from the kinetic energy of the flow.​
     • POWER REGULATION & CTRL.
       • It is important that the voltage and frequency of the output match that of the rest of the grid.​
       • Although the primary generation is always at a relatively low voltage, the AC voltage can easily be increased by transformers, both to match the grid voltage and to minimise I2R losses in transmission.​
     • HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEMS
       • Most modern hydro-power systems are used to drive electric generators, although some special purpose mechanical systems are still useful, such as the hydraulic ram pump.​
     • REACTION TURBINE
       • where the turbine is totally embedded in the fluid and powered from the pressure drop across the device.​

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