LOGIC

LOGIC

1. It comes from the word "LOGOS" that means "REASON".

   • It is concerned with the methods and rules fro correct thinking.

2. 1. Methods of reasoning

   • INDUCTIVE
     • 1. We can obtain universal knowledge by considering the partcular things. From more to less.
     • 2. From more to less.
   • DEDUCTIVE
     • 1. We proceed from universal knowledge to particular cases.
     • 2. It implies a sense of probability.

3. 2. Branches of logic

   • MATERIAL LOGIC
     • It  focuses on the aspect of subject matter or content or truth of the argument
   • FORMAL LOGIC
     • It is centered on the operation of the mind from the point of view of correct thinking

4. 3. Mental operations

   • Simple apprehension
     • We grasp the general meaning od the thing without affirming or denying anything about it.
   • Judging
     • We put concepts together and the end result is called judgment or proposition.
   • Reasoning
     • The mind combines several judgments in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment it is called syllogism.

5. 4. Levels of expressions

   • PROPOSITION
     • It is a sentence in which the subject and predicate are combined in order to take something as true or false.
     • TYPES OF PROPOSITION
       • Singular
         • 5 sings
           • 1. Proper nouns
           • 2. Demostrative
           • 3. Article "THE"
           • 4. nouns modifies by adjective in superlative degree.
           • 5.. Personal pronun
       • Particular
         • 4 signs
           • 1. Indefinitive pronouns
           • 3. General proposiion
           • 4. Use of numbers
           • 2. Article "A" and "AN"
       • Universality
         • 3 sings
           • 1. Universal idea
           • 2. Universal expression
           • 3. Aricle "A", "AN" and "THE"
   • TERM
     • It is a word that denotes a particular object
     • TYPES OF TERM
       • Simple
         • the term consists of a word
       • Complex
         • It is composed of many term but standing one idea.
       • Non-Significant
         • There isn't directly points to the nature of a thing.
       • Distributive
         • It shows the essence of entities singularity.
       • Signifiant
         • Directly express a concept
       • Univocal
         • it has the same meaning.
       • Equivocal
         • it is used in entirely different sense.
       • Collective
         • it shows the essence of entities as a group.
       • Analogical
         • it is used in distinct but related senses.
       • Contradictory
         • Terms that are totally opposed to each other
       • Contrary
         • Terms are ones represent two extremes ofthesame genus
   • INFERENCE
     • It is a process by which the mind draws new knowledge from any given proposition.
     • TYPES OF INFERENCE
       • Immediate Inference
         • when there isn't intermediary in deriving an opposite insight.
       • Mediate Inference
         • when there is an intermediary. (middle term)

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