INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS

INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS

1. The Wilson cycle

   • 1) A dome forms
   • 2) Continental rift stage
   • 3) Narrow sea stage
   • 4) Maturing ocean stage
   • 5) Shriking ocean stage
   • 6) Convergence stage
   • 7) Continental collision stage
   • 8) Final stage

2. Plate boundaries and their associated landforms

   • A) Divergent boundaries: Tension force
   • B) Convergent boundaries: Compression force
   • C) Transform boundaries: Shearing force

3. External and Internal geological processes

   • External: 1) Weathering, 2) Erosion, 3) Transportation, 4) Sedimentation
     • cauased by external geological agents: water, wind, living things, ice and the sea
   • Internal: Magmatism, Metamorphisim and rock deformation
     • caused by thermal energy from Earth's interior and gravity

4. Types of forces produced in rocks

   • Compression
   • Tension
   • Shearing

5. Types of deformations in rocks

   • Elastic
   • Plastic
   • Fragile

6. Folds: created when rocks deform by compressional forces, rock not breakes but folds

   • Relative age: Anticline / Syncline
   • Position of the axial plain: Upright / Inclined / Recumbent
   • Degree of symmetry: Symmetrical / Asymmetrical

7. Faults: fratures in rocks on Earth interior, the separated blocks have been displaced.

   • Normal fault: tension forces, fault plain is incline to hanging wall
   • Reverse fault: compression forces, fault plain is incline to foot wall
   • Transform fault: shearing forces, horizontal displacement

8. Magmatism and metamorphism

   • Magmatism can occur due to: ❚ a rise in temperature ❚ a drop in pressure, which reduces the melting point of the rock. ❚the presence of liquids, also reduces the melting point of rocks.
   • Types of metamorphism: ❚ Contact metamorphism: temperature. ❚ Regional metamorphism: pressure and temperature.❚ Dynamic metamorphism: pressure.

9. Formation of mountain ranges

   • In the past 2 theories: contraction theory and geosynclinal theory
   • Orogenies: are geological periods in the past during which mountain ranges were formed
     • Non-collisional orogens
       • ❚ continental-oceanic collision
         • ❚ A lot of magma
           • ❚ Trench created
             • ❚ Seismic activity with volcanoes
     • collisional orogens
       • ❚ continental-continental collision
         • ❚ No magma
           • ❚ Mountain range created
             • ❚ Intense seismic activity , no volcanoes

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