Benzene and substituted Benzene

Benzene and substituted Benzene

1. Reactivity

   • alkene> benzene>alkane
   • undergoes addition reactions like alkenes but under more drastic conditions
   • undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions

2. mechanism of electrophilic substitution

   • requires strong electrophiles to attack the stable benzene pi bond

3. orientation (according to first substitution on benzene)

   • EDG's: ortho-para directing groups (increase reactivity towards electrophiles)
   • EWG's: meta directing groups (decrease reactivity towards electrophiles)

4. Reactions

   • Nitration
     • Reagents: HNO3 and H2SO4
     • Electrophile: NO2+
   • Sulphonation
     • Reagents: SO3/ H2SO4 and H2SO4
     • electrophile: SO3
   • halogenation
   • Friedel Crafts Alkylation
   • Friedel Crafts Acylation

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