Grammar Unit 2

Grammar Unit 2

1. Gerunds

   • Gerunds are words that are form with verbs but it has functions as a noun, they ends in "ing",is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being.
     • 1. AS SUBJECT: Hunting tigers is dangerous.( gerund: hunting)
       • 2. VERB TO BE: One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. ( gerund: is having)
         • 3. AS PREPOSITION The police arrested him for speeding. ( gerund: is speeding)
           • 4. PHRASAL VERBS: She always puts off going to the dentist. ( gerund: puts off going)
             • 5. WITH EXPRESSIONS: The "gerund" is the verb form to be used after the following expressions: can't help, can't stand, to be worth, it's not use . Ex: She couldn't help falling in love with him. ( gerund: couldn´t help falling)

2. Preferences

   • It is something that a person likes more than another thing, or also it can be an advantage that is given to a person.
     • 1. PREFER: to talk about general preferences. STRUCTURE: Prefer + Noun +tO + Noun. Ex: I prefer living in the city.
     • 2. WOULD PREFER: to talk about specific preferences. STRUCTURE: Would prefer + to infinitive. Ex. Would you prefer to go out or stay home?
     • 3. WOULD RATHER: use the short form of the word “would” ( I´d) with a personal pronoun. STRUCTURE: Same subject + bare infinitive. Ex: I would rather go out than stay home.
     • 4. HAD BETTER: is used to give advice or to say what the best thing to do in a particular situation is. STRUCTURE: Had better + bare infinitive (should-ought). Ex:You had/'d better book your flight early.

3. Wishes

   • It mean when a person want to do something , a thing or something to happen.
     • 1. PRESENT: is used to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to be different. STRUCTURE: wish + past simple . Ex:I wish you weren’t leaving tomorrow.
       • 2. FUTURE: is used to express that we want to be doing a different action in the present (or future). STRUCTURE: wish + past continuous. Ex: I wish it weren’t raining.
         • 3. PAST: is used to express a regret, or that we want a situation in the past to be different. STRUCTURE: wish + past perfect . Ex: I wish I had studied harder at school.
           • 4. WOULD: is used to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. STRUCTURE: wish + would + bare infinitive. Ex: I wish she’d be quiet.

4. Infinitives

   • Infinitives are the base form of a verb, the most common form is the present infinitive and it has 2 forms: the to-infinitive = to + base and the zero infinitive = base.
     • TO + INFINITIVE: The to-infinitive is used in many sentence constructions, often expressing the purpose of something or someone's opinion about something.
       • Functions of the to-infinitive: 1. PURPOSE: It has the same meaning as in order to or so as to. Ex: You sister has gone to finish her homework.
       • 2. WHAT SOMETHING CAN OR WILL BE USED: the to-infinitive follows a noun or pronoun. Ex: I would like a sandwich to eat.
       • 3. AFTER ADJECTIVES: subject + to be + adjective + (for/of someone) + to-infinitive + complement. Ex: It is good of you to talk to me.
       • 4. TO MAKE A COMMENT: To use the to-infinitive when making a comment or judgement about a noun. Structure: Subject + to be + noun phrase + to-infinitive. Ex: That is a dangerous way to behave.
       • 5. WITH ADVERBS: The to-infinitive is used frequently with the adverbs too and enough to express the reasoning behind our satisfaction or insatisfaction. Ex: I had too many books to carry.
       • 6. QUESTIONS: The verbs ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, & understand can be followed by a question word such as where, how, what, who, when + the to-infinitive. Ex: Do you understand what to do?
       • 7. NEGATIVES: The negative infinitive is formed by putting not in front of any form of the infinitive. Ex: I decided not to go to London.
     • ZERO INFINITIVE:
       • Functions of the zero infinitive: 1. AFTER AUXILIARIES. Ex: He should give her some money.
         • 2. AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION: verb + object + zero infinitive. Ex: We heard them close the door.
           • 3. WITH HAD BETTER: She had better ask him not to come.
             • 4. WITH WHY : he question word why is followed by the zero infinitive when making suggestions. Ex: Why not ask him now?

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