Chemical Synthesis

Chemical Synthesis

1. Chemicals

   • Acids
     • Neutralisation
     • Solids
       • e.g citric acid
     • Liquids
       • e.g sulphuric acid
     • Gases
       • e.g hydrogen chloride
         • Hydrochloric Acid
           • HCl (aq)
     • Hydrogen ions in solution
       • Ions react to form Water
   • Alkalis
     • Neutralisation
     • Hydroxides of Na, K & Ca
       • Sodium Na Group 1
       • Potassium K Group 1
       • Calcium Ca Group 2
       • Hydreoxide ions in solution
         • H2O
   • pH
     • Indicators
     • Measurements
       • Universal Indicator
       • pH Meter
     • Scale
       • pH 1-6 acidic
       • pH 7 neutral
       • pH 8-14 alkali

2. Chemical Industry

   • Products
     • Fertilisers
       • Nitrates
     • Food additives
       • Salt
     • Pigments
     • Dyes
     • Drugs and medicines
   • Raw Materials
     • Crude Oil
     • Natural Gas
     • Chemicals from Plants
     • Fossil fuels
     • Coal
   • Bulk & Fine Chemicals
     • Bulk is made in mass
       • e.g Fertilisers
     • Fine is made in small amounts
       • e.g Medicine such as Steroids

3. Techniques

   • Dissolving
   • Crystallising
   • Filtering
   • Evapourating
   • Dryinig
   • Titration

4. Formulae

   • Equations
     • Ionic equations
       • Neutralisation
     • Balanced Equations
     • Symbol equations
     • Word Equations
     • Diagrammatical Equations
   • Formula Masses
     • Reacting massess
       • Titration results
       • Yields
   • Charges on ions
     • Ionic formulae
       • NaCl
         • Salt

5. Synthesis

   • Control
     • Rates
       • Catylst
         • A compound, mixture or element that speeds up a reaction
       • Temperature
         • Higher temperature = high rate
         • Lower temperature = low rate
       • Effect of concentration
         • Higher concentration = high rate
         • Lower concentration = low rate
         • Collision Theory
       • Effect of surface area of solids
         • Collision theory
         • Larger surface area = high rate
         • Smaller surface area = low rate
     • Energy changes
       • Exothermic
         • Giving out heat
       • Endothermic
         • Taking heat in
   • Stages
     • 1. Choose the reaction
       • 2. Risk assessment
         • 3. Calculate quantities
           • 4. Carry out reaction
             • 5. Separate the product
               • 6. Purify the product
                 • 7. Measure yield and check purity
   • Making Salts
     • Carbonates
       • Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
     • Metals
       • Salt + Hydrogen
     • Oxides and Hydroxides
       • Salt + Water