Chapter outlines

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Chapter 1

Causes and effects of the Black Death

Social and economical effects

25 million people died

Farms decline

No supply because no workers

High demand for products because the people who were alive were using up the supply

Serfs demanded money payments

Price of manufactured goods rose

Noble landholders lost the greatest amount of power as a result

Peasants revolt

Cities rebound

Theme of death led to a demand for luxury items

Expanded influence after plague

Artisans were in great demand

Effects on the original containers of the monarchy

Conflict: who held the power?

Roman Catholic Church vs. land-owning nobles

Kings expanded power and fostered nationalism

Result: Hundred Years' War

Church suffered as a landowner and was politically weakened

Statute of Laborers

​​​​​​​1351

Prohibited an increase in labor wages

Prohibited workers to move from their home area to find better work condition

Passed in English Parliament by Edward III

It was a response to labor shortage

Jacquerie

France raised taille

​​​​​​​Peasants revolt

Uprising against the nobles during the Hundred Years' War

Causes of the 100 Years' War

​​​​​​​Dynastic Struggle

Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip the Fair of France

Philip's last surviving son, Charles IV, died without male heir-- Edward claimed the throne

French nobles instead named Philip IV of Valois, Charles IV's cousin, as king

Poor relationship between England and France

England was technically was a vassal of the king orance

They quarreled over control of Flanders

Long history of animosity between French and English merchants

French weakness

Internal disunity

Economic troubles

Inferior military (English Longbow)

Mediocre leadership from the French monarchs-- manipulated by the Estates General

Advantages and disadvantages for France and England during 100 Years War

​​​​​​​France

Advantages

Larger population

wealthier

Fought on home land

Disadvantages

Internal disunity

Economic troubles

Inferior military

Mediocre leadership from monarchs

England

Advantages

English longbow

Stable army

Transferred from a feudal state to a modern state

Disadvantages

Smaller population

Fighting on foreign land

Treaty of Troyes

1420

named English King Henry V the successor to French Charles VI

Both died soon after the treaty was made

French kings involved in 100 Years' War​​​​​​​

​​​​​​​Philip the Fair

Charles IV

Philip the Fair's last surviving son

Dies without a male heir

Philip VI of Valois

French nobles name him king instead of Edward III

Charles IV's cousin

His dynasty would rule until 16th century

John II

Taken hostage by English in Battle of Poitiers

English kings involved in 100 Years' War

​​​​​​​Edward III

grandson of Philip the Fair of France

Claimed the throne after Charles IV died without a male heir

Richard II

Grandson of Edward III

Inherited the throne from Edward III

Thrown out of the throne by Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster (Henry IV) (War of Roses)

Henry V

England resumed war under him

English victory at Agincourt

St. Crispin's Day Speech

Henry VI

Has really bad luck

Goes crazy

England looses their claims to French land under his weak kinship

The centralization (or lack thereof) of the French and English monarchies in the 14th and 15th centuries

​​​​​​​England

Henry II and Edward I held formal meetings with Parliament

France

Philip the Fair centralized the French monarchy

Rota Romana

​​​​​​​Under Urban IV

Church's court for legal proceedings

Curia

​​​​​​​Group of administrative institutions in the Roman Catholic Church

Senate house!!!!

Unam Sanctum

​​​​​​​Temporal authority was subject to spiritual power of the Church

Ausculta Fili

​​​​​​​"Listen, My Son"

God set popes above kings

Growing secularism of Catholic Church and effects of papal centralization of power

​​​​​​​Pope Innocent III

Doctrine of Plenitude of Power

Could declare saints

Could dispose benefices to the clergy

Result: centralized papal monarchy with a clear political mission

Growing secularization led to criticisms

Other attempts to power grab:

Right to determine appointments

Expansion of bureaucracy

Taxes made permanent

Impact of papal centralization

undetermined diocesan authority

loss of popular support

Rome's interests (not the needs of the people) dominated church policies

Popes which issued Papal Bulls and were involved in struggles with monarchs and the Great Schism

​​​​​​​Boniface VIII vs. Philip the Fair

England and France were becoming more centralized

Pope would no longer be a match for nation-states of western Europe

Royal challenges to Papal Authority in England

France and Britain on the edge of war

Edward I is preoccupied with the Scottish rebellion

Boniface ends up supporting the Scottish resistance to spite Edward

Tax on clergy for "crusade"

Boniface issues clericas laicos

Pope Innocent III said no taxes for the clergy without the popes approval

Edward I retailiated

challenge to papal authority in France

Prohibited export of money to Rome

Boniface yields to Philip

Arrest of Bernard Saisset

Acknowledgement of Saisset's "crimes" would mean Boniface would surrender his jurisdiction over the French episcopate

This revoked previous agreements concerning taxation

Ausculta fili

Unam sanctam

Philip declared Boniface a heretic after this

Boniface was captured and beaten\

After Boniface, popes never again seriously threatened kings and emperors

Council of Pisa

​​​​​​​Attempt to depose both popes (Gregory XII and Clement VII)

Elected Alexander V

Didn't really work out the way they wanted

Causes and effects of Great Schism

​​​​​​​Pope Gregory XI reestablished papacy in Rome in 1377

Ended "Babylonian Captivity"

Urban VI was elected as pope upon Gregory's death

French cardinals wanted to return to Avignon

Charles V of France supported Great Schism

French cardinals elected Clement VII (September 1378)

Allegiances

Urban VI (Italian Pope in Rome)

England

HRE

Hungary

Bohemia

Poland

Clement VII (Avignon Pope)

France

Naples

Scotland

Castile

Aragon

Emperor Sigismund demanded John XXII call a council in Constance, which resolves schism

Sacrosancta

Martin V

Supremacy of church councils over individual pope

Regular meetings of church councils

Prince Vladmir of Russia

Prince Vladimir of Kiev (dominant city in Russia) made Greek Orthodox the religion in Russia and established close ties with the Byzantines

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Chapter 2

Factors which allowed Italian city-states to prosper

Population recovery from Black Death

Political order was imposed by strong rulers

Prime location-- trade cities dominated political and economic life of countryside

Very wealthy because of skilled Italian merchants

Incessant warfare between pope and emperor and the Guelf (pro-papal) and Ghibelline (pro-imperial) factions allowed city-states to expand

Unique urban rich

Social and political structure of Italian city-states

​​​​​​​Evolution of despotisms (except Venice)

Oligarchies hired a Podesta to maintain law and order

Rise of diplomacy because of warfare

Italy is very disciplined and that leads to the flowering of thought and culture

Social classes

Grandi- old rich nobles and merchants

Popolo grosso- new merchant class

Middle-burgher- guild masters and small businesses owners

Popolo minuto- lower class

Medici Family of Florence

dominated politics and the money in Italy especially Florence

Ciompi Revolt

​​​​​​​1378

There was a feud between the old rich and the new rich

The poor suffered under them

Social anarchy after Black Death because the population was down

Collapse of Bardi and Peruzzi banking houses leave the poor people vulnerable

No stability until the rise of the Medici family in 1434

Medici family of Florence

​​​​​​​Cosimo de Medici

Controlled the Signoria behind the scenes

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Totalitarian fashion

Cautious ruler due to Pazzi family scheming

Humanism

​​​​​​​Birth of modernity, driven by anti-Christian philosophy that stressed the dignity of mankind

Petrarch

Mirandola

Renaissance painters and painting techniques

Treaty of Lodi

Ludovico of Milan

French invasions of Italy

Alexander VI and the Borgia family

Julius II

Machiavelli and his beliefs

Means of income for monarchs of N. Europe in the 15th and 16th century

Ferdinand and Isabella and their impact on Spain

Inquisition

War of the Roses

Court of the Star Chamber

Hermandad

Venice League

Reuchlin Affair

Exploration of Christopher Columbus

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Chapter 3

Locations where the Reformation began and which rulers supported it in different countries/principalities in Europe

Started in Germany and Switzerland

Who the Reformation appealed to

Appealed to guilds and people who felt "bullied" by authority

Especially the printer's guild

Writings of Martin Luther

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

tries to convince the nobility to reform the church

Babylonian Captivity of the Church

attacks the sacraments (only 2)

Freedom of a Christian

Sola Fide- justification by faith alone

Benefits of the Reformation for rulers

Politicization of religious reforms within their territories

Many political and economic opportunities

Ulrich Zwingli and beliefs of Zwinglianism

1484-1531

Opposed to Swiss mercenary service

Elected as people's priest in Zurich (representative of the people)

Opposed sale of indulgences and religious superstition

Wanted clergy to be able to marry

Disputed Transubstantiation, "worship of saints, religious pilgrimages, purgatory, certain sacraments and fasting during Lent

Pretty much anything that isn't mentioned in Scripture

John Calvin and beliefs of Calvinism

John Calvin was born into a wealth French family, converted to Protestantism in 1534, and stressed sovereignty of God's will over all creation

Divine predestination

Transform society so people live their lives externally as they processed to believed internally

Writing of John Calvin

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Definitive statement for most Protestant faiths

Martin Luther and beliefs of Lutheranism

1483-1546

Abandoned the study of law -> lightning storm converted him

Luther's personal struggle: the struggle of achieving the perfect righteousness God required for Salvation

Supported Sola Fide= justification by faith alone

Luther taught that faith without charitable service to one's neighbor was a dead faith

How should good works be regarded?

Luther believed that Catholics were only counting their merits and demerits, unable to act selflessly

Good works are not necessarily saving works

Condemned the usage of indulgences

Diet of Worms

1521

​​​​​​​Luther refused to recant his works and teachings

Ended up being help under the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise

German Peasants’ Revolt

​​​​​​​There was internal division over the Reformation within Germany

Many peasant leaders related to Luther's teaching about Christian freedom and criticism of monastic landowners

Demanded a release from serfdom

Luther initially supported the peasants, but ended up going against it because he saw no hope for their movement if it became intertwined with a peasant revolt-> the nobles wouldn't support Luther's reform

Luther believed that the freedom of a Christian lay in inner spiritual release from guilt and anxiety , not in revolutionary politics, which ended the Reformations promise to be a moral force in history

Marburg Colloguy

​​​​​​​Philip of Hesse wanted to unite German and Swiss Protestants in a defense pact

Luther and Zwingli did not get along over the issue of the Eucharist

Luther says that it is the body and blood

1529- Luther and Zwingli meet at Marburg

Their disagreement splinted the Protestant movement theologically and politically

Separate defense leagues are formed

Swiss Civil Wars​​​​​​​

Catholics v. Protestants

Two major battles at Kappel

June 1529- Protestants win and Catholic cantons have to recognize rights of Swiss Protestants

October 1531- Catholics win and Zwingli is wounded and then executed

Subsequent treaty

Heinrich Bullinger

Guided Swiss Reformation into an established religion which would eventually merge with Calvinism

Peace of Augsburg

​​​​​​​1555

Charles V surrendered his right to choose the church for the German people

Many of the newly converted Protestant monarchs enjoyed assuming control of Catholic church property and revenue

Charles V

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Holy Roman Emperor

Catholic

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

​​​​​​​"Defender of the Faith" (Catholic)

Henry marries Catherine of Aragon-> brother's wife

Believes God cursed his marriage (Leviticus 18:16)

Wanted to divorce Catherine-> pope wouldn't let him

1529- Parliament convened for what would be a 7 year session

set an important precedent: King has to work with Parliament when changes are made to religion

1531- convocation publicly recognized Henry as head of the church in England

Act of Succession

​​​​​​​disinherits Mary from the throw (Catherine and Henry's daughter)

Act of Supremacy

​​​​​​​makes Henry the supreme head of the Anglican church

Both Acts of Uniformity

​​​​​​​1549- Act of Uniformity

Established the Book of Common Prayers as the legal form of worship in England

On the road to accepting Protestant doctrine

1552- Second Act of Uniformity

replaced the Book of Common Prayers with a more clearly Protestant version of it

one of the last steps in making England a Protestant country

Religious orders founded before Reformation

​​​​​​​Theatines

groom devout leaders at higher levels of the Church hierarchy

Capuchins

wanted to return to the ideas of Saint Francis

popular among ordinary people

Barnabites and Somaschi

worked to repair damage done to people in war-torn Italy

Ursulines

education for girls

Lay reform movements 13th-15th centuries​​​​​​​

Council of Trent

​​​​​​​1545-1563

Charles V urged Pope Paul III to call a council

3 sessions over 8 years

Reform commission chaired by Caspar Contarini

by the third meeting:

of the council of Italian

only high levels of clergy could vote

Strictly under the pope's control

Reforms of Trent

Most important: internal church discipline

Bishops must live in diocese

Bishops must be highly visible

Regulation of parish priests

Must have a seminary in each diocese

Protestant education

​​​​​​​Humanism was the main focus of curriculum

Common opposition to Scholasticism

Geneva Academy

Some feared the Reformation was a threat to the liberal arts and good learning

William Shakespeare

Effects of the Reformation on women

​​​​​​​Protestant reformers worked to eradicate the model of women as either being Eve or Mary

Women should be praised in their own right

Still subject to husband but new laws of security and protection-- had the right to divorce and marry

Encouraged the education of girls

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Chapter 4

Politiques

Put the success and well-being of their state above all else

Willing to compromise

Example: Elizabeth I

Mary I of England

​​​​​​​Prioritized religion

Catholic

1554- Act for Regal Power-> females have power just as much as men do

1554- married Philip II of Spain

Reverted England back to Catholicism

Executed Protestant leaders

John Hooper, Hugh Latimer, Thomas Cranmer

Bloody Mary

Many Protestants fled the country because of this

Philip II of Spain

​​​​​​​Prioritized religion

Backed the Guise family

Gained western Habsburg kingdom due to imperialism

Ruled by pen

Organized lesser nobility into bureaucracy to carry out royal duties

Elizabeth I of England

​​​​​​​Became queen at 25

Lead adviser= Sir William Cecil

Guided a religious settlement that ended religious strife in England

Merged centralized episcopal system (hierarchy) which she controlled with a broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

​​​​​​​Ended Habsburg-Valois Wars

France acknowledged Spain as dominant in Italy

Shift in power from France to Spain

Spain and the Netherlands

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Henry IV of France

Edict of Nantes

Spanish Fury

William of Orange

French Wars of Religion-phases and figures involved

Elizabeth I’s reforms in religion in England

30 Years’ War-all 3 phases, figures involved, treaties, and major battles

Edict of Restitution

Lady Jane Grey

Thomas Cranmer