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9 div 2 gives 4 (integer division)

9 mod 2 gives 1 (remainder)

abs(-3.3) = 3.3

sqr

sqrt

int(-10.9)=-10.0

frac(-10.9)= -0.9

pi

odd(3) = true

pred(5)=4

succ('A')='B'

chr(65)='Á'

ord('A')=65

ord(65)=65

round(-4,5)=-5

trunc(-4.5)=-4

function square(num:real):real;

begin

cube:= num*num;

end;

begin //main//

write(cube(8.1):4:2)

end.

parameter (e.g. procedure which swap two variables by using temp)

Call be reference

procedure LOL(num:integer);

begin

write(num+1);

writeln;

end;

begin

readln(N);

LOL(N)

end.

Call be ref + value:

procedure ABC(B:integer ;var A:integer);

Test:

typical, extreme, illegal data

path testing

tools: program trace, program watch, breakpoints,.

Manual: scarffolding,stubs

error: truncation errors, rounding errors, overflow/underflow errors

length

copy(string,start position,count)

concat(string1,string2)

pos(substring,string)-> cant find -> 0

No.-> string

str(number,string variable)

String-> No.

val(string, numeric variable,error code);

ABC:array[1..2,1..3] of string;

1 2 3

2

type

daytype=(sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat);

var

Price:array[datatype] of real;

today:daytype

for Today := sun to sat do

Price[Today]:= normal;

price[tue]:=1;

getdate(YY,MM,DD,dayofweek);

today:=daytype(dayofweek)

case today of

sun: writeln('sunday');

sat:writeln('Saturday');

end;

Sets

type

chartype=set of char;

var

ABC:type;

begin

ABC:=[' A' ,' B' ,'C' ];

if __ in ABC then...

Record

type

ABCtype=record

ID:integer;

name:string;

end;

var

LOL:ABCtype;

with LOL do.....

Textfile

eof

eoln (end of line)

assign(diskfile,'data.txt');

Write to txt:

rewrite(diskfile);

write(diskfile,'Hello');

close(diskfile);

read from txt:

reset(diskfile);

readln(diskfile,abc);

close(diskfile);

Append(diskfile);

writeln(diskfile, 'HI');

close(diskfile);

Search

Linear search

Uses:short lists

no requirement

sucessful(N+1)/2 unsucessful: N

Repeat

count:=count+1;

with xxx[count] do

if name = target then begin

index:=count;

found:=true;

end

until found or (count=num);

binary search

uses: long and sorted lists

must be sorted support random access

logN/log2 (success/unsucessful)

(11+1)/2 = 6th

Repeat

count:=count+1;

middle:=(top+bot)div 2;

with xxx[middle] do

begin

if target>name

then top:=middle+1

else if target then bot:=middle-1

else begin

index:=middle;

found:=true

end

end

until found or (top>bottom);

Sorting

Bubble

repeat

pass:=pass+1;

swapped:=false;

for i:= 1 to N- pass do

if list[i] > list[i+1]

then begin

temp:= list[i];

list[i]:= list[i+1];

list[i+1]:=temp;

swapped:=true

end

until (pass=N-1) or not swapped

Insertion

for pass:= 1 to N-1 do

begin

element:= list[pass+1];

position:=1;

for i:= 1 to pass do

if element> list[i]

then position:= i+1;

for count:= pass downto position do

List[count+1]:= list[count];

list[position]:=element;

end

end;

Stack (first in first out)

Initialize: create empty stack

push : add entry

pop : remove entry

type

stacktype= reocrd

top: 0..max;

entry:array[1..max] of string;

end;

var list:stacktype;

procedure push(strg:string; var list:stacktype);

begin

with list do

if top=max then....

else begin

top:=top+1;

entry[top]:=strg

end

end;

procedure pop( var strg:string; var list:stacktype);

with list do

if top=0 then...

else with list do

begin

strg:=entry[top];

entry:=' ';

top:=top-1;

end

end;

Queue (first in last out)

type

queuetype= record

head,tail:0..max;

count:integer;

entry:array[1..max] of string;

end;

var

list:queuetype;

procedure enqueue(strg:string; var list:queuetype);

begin

with list do

if count= max then...

else begin

count:=count+1;

tail:= tail mod max+1;

entry[tail]:=strg

end

end;

procedure dequeue(var strg:string; var list: queuetype);

begin

with list do if count =0 then...

else with list do

begin

count:=count-1;

strg:=entry[head];

entry[head]:=' ' ;

head:=headmod max+1;

end

end;

Linked list

type

nodetype=record

entry:string;

next:nullpoint..max

end;

listtype=record

head:integer

list:array[1..max] of nodetype

end;

var linklist:listtype;

insertbegin

insertafter

deleteafter('A','B',linklist);

Program