Evolution - created from Mind Map_1

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Principles of evolution

1. organisms beget like organisms

2. the number of individuals that survive and reproduce is smaller than the number of individuals in the original population

3. in any given population, there are variations among individual organisms, and some are inheritable

4. Inherited favourable variation become more common from each generation to the next, through natural selection

5. Natural selection leads to the slow accumulation of adaptive changes that differentiate groups, speciation

Lamark

Transformation

spontaneous change, towards complexity, changing environment, inheritance of acquired characteristics

Thomas Malthus

sociology and economics

Population increase - food shortage - starvation

History

Setting the stage for Darwin

Essentialism : two co-existing world : ideal + illusionary

teleology: Belief in a divine order or purpose of life

taxonomy

Physical science

Fossil record

catastropism

gradualism

Galileo, Newton

Cuvier

Cuvier

James Hutton

Charles Lyell influenced by Hutton

Geology age of the earth

Earth must be ancient

Slow and subtle process overtime can result in dramatic change

Plato

Aristotle

Linnaeus

Linnaerian classification

Hierarchical, not evolutionary

Macroevolution: above the level of species

Darwin's evidence

The abundance and diversity of species

Biogeography : particular kinds of organisms are found in particular areas

Fossil record: organisms had a long history, changed through time, some even became extinct.

Homologous structures of diverse organisms: historical relationship or common history

Adaptation: evidence of selective forces, imperfection of adaptations- historical constraints on evolutionary change

first suggested common decent

Mechanism underlying the pattern: continental drift ( darwin wasnt aware of this)

evidence of continuity and descent with modification

now supported by molecular archive

organisms are influenced by changing environments (through adaptations)

evidence of unrelated organisms that occupy similar niches adapting in similar ways

convergence

Microevolution: below the level of species

examples of artificial selection as evidence of the importance of natural variation

Evolution