Consequences of Urbanisation

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Urban Sprawl

spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

liked to urbanisation and suburbanisation

occured in an uncontrolled and unplanned fashion

needs more roads and infrastructure

negative impacts

wildlife loss

commuting

air pollution

GG emissions increased

loss of farmland and open spaces

UHI effect

loss of local food sources

impact on ater quality and quantity

homogenisation of landscape (decentralisation - edge-cities) ((clone towns))

Housing Shortages (LICs)

high population density

accommodation shortages

informal and inadequate housing

develop on marginal land

prone to environmental hazards

suffer from pollution

lack of services

(estimated 863 million slum-dwellers in 2013) - informal could be 1 billion

informal settlements - Brazil (Favelas)

Improvements

proportion of slum-dwellers fell between 2000 and 2012

MDGs - improve lives of slum-dwellers (320 million gained access to water, sanitation, less crowded housing) ((goal 7))

SDGs (2013) - upgrade slums by 2030

Extreme strategies to eradicate slums

moved problems elsewhere

need to acknowledge their presence

provide basic amenities and improve the lives of those the slums and to share skills and expertise to integrate them into the city

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HICs

shortage of afordable housing

key problem in many wealthy cities

dramatic increase in house prices and rental proces

rising demand for accommodation

50% increase in house prices in London 2010-2015

fuelled by...

in-migration

gentrification

wealthy foreign investors

Lack of Urban Services ans Waste Disposal

Financial restraints

-- lack of basic services

-- maintenance of infrastructure

-- rapid spread of disease

- - India

-- old pipeline

-- 5% piped water reached slums in 2015

Waste disposal

-- encononic, physical and environmental restraints

-- health hazards

Recycling

-- everyday economy

-- environmentally friendly

-- opportunity to make money

-- food waste for compost

Unemployment

high proportion of young migrants to cities

pressure to create sufficient jobs

high unemployment rates

informal work (illegal taxis/selling on corners)

under-employment - when a person is doing work that does not make full use of their skills and abilities

Transport Issues

urbanisation and suburbanisation

increased traffic

pollution

damaging health

loss of productivity

built wider roads in the 1960s - attracted more cars into cities