Industrial Revolution

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Timeline of the Industrial Revolution

1694 - The bank of England is established.

1700 - Improvements in agricultural technology contribute to the agricultural revolution.

1707 - the first turnpike trusts are established.

1709 - Abraham Darby develops a blast furnace capable of producing high-quality iron.

1712 - Thomas Newcomen develops

1730 - 1780 - The invention of new and larger spinning and weaving machines shifts textile industry into factories

1757 - The Sankey Canal is opened

1761 - The Bridgewater Canal is opened

1763 - Victory in the Seven Years' War gives Britain increased trade access to colonies in India and North America.

1769 - James Watt invents a steam engine capable of providing continuous power

1783 - Henry Cort 'pudding' process further improves the quality of iron products

1785 - The Boulton and Watt steam engine is first used in a textiles factory.

1801 - The first official population census is held in Britain.

1813 - The first working steam locomotive, known as puffing Billy, is built.

1825 - The first English public steam railway (from Stockton to Darlington) is opened.

1830 - Stephenson's Rocket hauls the first train on the Manchester to Liverpool railway line.

1830's - Railway building begins in France and Germany

1842 - Samuel Morse develops the single wire telegraph.

1851 - The great Exhibition is held in London.

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell patents the first telephone.

Abdicate: to step down from the throne or from other high office

Abolition: the end of legal acceptance of slavery

Absolute Monarch: a ruler who governs alone, unrestrained by laws or constitution

Affiliated unions: unions linked with other unions through a wider umbrella organisation

Animal Husbandry: Breeding and caring for livestock, usually in a farm environment.

Annex: to take possession of a territory

Artefact: an object made by humans

Artillery: large-callibre guns

Patents: a legally enforceable right tot make or sell an invention. Patents, usually granted by government, protect an inventor's idea from being copied.

Rural Population: people living in the countryside rather than in towns or cities

Urban population: people living in cities or larger towns

Subsistence farming: farming that provides only enough to satisfy the basic needs of life of the farmer or community.

Fallow: land left unplanted

Enclosure: consolidation of open fields and common land into single farms owned by one farmer or landowner

Black Death: a deadly disease that ravaged Europe, killing between a quarter and a half of the population. It continued to occur periodically over the next three hundred years

Famine: a severe shortage of food, leading to starvation, usually due to crop failures over a sustained period of time.

Scurvy: a disease caused by a poor diet, especially a deficiency of vitamin C.

Rickets: a softening of the bones, leading to the deformity of the limbs caused by a deficiency of calcium and vitamin D.

Infant mortality rate: a means of measuring the percentage of babies who fail to survive their first birthday

Cottage industry: small-scale manufacturing in which raw materials are processed in workers' homes.

Bell pit: a traditional form of coal mining in which a shaft is dug down to a seam of coal and then excavated outwards, with the coal raised to the surface using a winch and buckets

Blast furnace: a type of furnace into which air is forced to raise the temperature sufficiently to carry out the smelting of iron ore

Pig iron: the initial p

Timeline of the Industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution Definitions