Biology (chp 6-8)

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What is the role of sunlight in photosynthesis? What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?

-it makes food for autotrophs

-the sun

Compare autotrophs to heterotrophs

autotroph- use sunlight to make food

heterotroph- outside source of food

What wavelength of light does chlorophyll absorb and what does it reflect?

-blue and red absorbed

-green light reflected

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ---(LIGHT ENERGY)---> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Once excited, what happens to the electrons from chlorophyll?

-they leave the chlorophyll a molecules and go to the primary e- acceptor (which is in the thylakoid membrane)

What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain and where is it located?

-it transfers e- from one molecule to the next; located in mitochondria

What are the Photosystems and where are they located?

-each cluster of pigment molecules and proteins that pigment molecules are embedded in; located in chloroplast

What molecule is formed at the beginning of the ETC?

O2

What happens to electrons as they travel through the ETC?

They lose most of the energy they gained when they were excited

What does the energy absorbed by Photosystem I accomplish and what molecule is ultimately formed by this?

it sends electrons out to the stroma to attach to NADP and it forms O2

What is NADP?

-an electron acceptor

What are the products of the Light-Dependent Reactions? Where are they used?

O2 gas, H+ ions, NADPH, and ATP

-used in

What are the Dark Reactions? What does it produce? What is another name?

Dark Reactions- reactions that don't require light energy

-produces NADP+, glucose, and ADP

-aka the Calvin Cycle

What factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis? Is there a maximum rate for photosynthesis?

-light intensity

-CO2

-Temperature

-H2O

-yes

What is cellular respiration? What are the reactants/products of cellular respiration?

cellular respiration- complex process where cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

-reactants: glucose & O2

-products: carbohydrates, water, and ATP

What is glycolysis? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? What are the possible pathways that glycolysis can lead to? What are the products of glycolysis?

glycolysis- anaerobic and aerobic biochemical pathway with a series of reactions

Produces:

-2 ATP

-2, 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules

-NADH

What is NAD+?

Organic molecule that accepts electrons

What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation and what is the common goal of both types?

fermentation- happens after glycolysis if there's no O2

Lactic acid- occurs in muscle tissue during vigorous exercise

Alcohol- occurs in yeasts and some bacteria

-both produce NAD+

What are the phases of cellular respiration? Where does it occur?

What is the Krebs Cycle? What does it begin with? What molecules leave the Krebs cycle? Where does it occur?

-biochemical pathway that transports electrons to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP (in mitochondrial matrix

What is the electron transport chain? What is the role of NADH and FADH2?

ETC- 2nd step of aerobic resp. NADH and FADH2 release H2 atoms, regenerating NAD+ and FAD

*What is the final electron acceptor? What is the final product of the ETC? Where does the ETC occur?

-Occurs across inner mitochondria membrane

-produces H2O

What is chemiosmosis? Describe the role of H+ ions. What is actually used to make ATP? Where does it occur? (compare with photosynthesis)

chemiosmosis- ATP synthase spins because of H+ producing ATP, occurs in ETC of mitochondria

What is the ATP count from aerobic cellular respiration?

34-36

Draw an ATP molecule

see study guide

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 --enzyme--> 6CO2 + 6H2 O + ATP

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