Animal Anatomy

Avian Anatomy - Common Bird Families

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• 2 COMMON BIRD FAMILIES SEEN AT VETERINARY HOSPITALS:
• - PSITTACINE (PARROTS/HOOKBILLS)
• - ZYGODACTYL: 2ND/3RD TOES FORWARD, 1ST/4TH TOES BACK
• PASSERINES (SMALL BIRDS W/POINTED OR SLIGHTLY CURVED BEAKS)
• - ANISODACTYL: 3 TOES POINT FORWARD, 1 TOE POINTS REAR

Avian Anatomy - External Anatomy

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• Pie de imagen: INTEGUMENT - (LARGEST ORGAN SYSTEM) PHYSICAL BARRIER, PROTECTS UNDERLYING STRUCTURE AND ORGANS
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• Pie de imagen: EXTERNAL ANATOMY - SKIN IS DRY, DELICATE, SLIGHTLY WRINKLED - CERE IS THE AREA AROUND THE NOSE * BIRDS HAVE NO SWEAT GLANDS

Avian Anatomy - Feathers

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• Pie de imagen: - CONTOUR FEATHERS - PRIMARY FLIGHT FEATHERS (REGIMES) - SECONDARY FLIGHT FEATHERS - COVERTS (BODY FEATHERS) -
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• Pie de imagen: - DOWN FEATHER - BLOOD FEATHER

Avian Anatomy - Musculoskeletal System

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• Pie de imagen: - KEEL (STERNUM) SUPPORTS PECTORAL MUSCLES USED IN FLIGHT - BEAK IS FUSED TO SKULL - SYNSACRUM (FUSED CANDAL VERTEBRA) STABILIZES BIRD'S BACK DURING FLIGHT
• Pie de imagen: PECTORAL MUSCLES: 20% OF BIRD'S WEIGHT

Avian Anatomy - Respiratory System

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• Pie de imagen: AIRFLOW: ENTERS THE NARES (ON EITHER SIDE OF BEAK), PASSES OVER OPERCULUM, THROUGH SINUS CAVITIES, THROUGH THE CHOANA, TO GLOTTIS, DOWN TRACHEA, THROUGH SYRINX, TO LUNGS
• Pie de imagen: AIR FLOWS THROUGH 9 AIR SACS

Avian Anatomy - Digestive System

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• Pie de imagen: BIRD MOUTH: - HARD UPPER PALATTE - SOFT LOWER PALATTE - UNIQUE TONGUE - TASTE BUDS SCATTERED THROUGH MOUTH - SALIVARY GLANDS
• Pie de imagen: FOOD ENTERS MOUTH AND TRAVELS THROUGH ESOPHAGOUS (EXPANDS IN INTERCLAVICULAR SPACE CREATING THE CROP). CROP SOFTENS FOOD AND SENDS TO STOMACH (PROVENTRICULOUS). THROUGH GIZZARD (VENTRICULUS) TO THE SMALL INTESTINE, THEN LARGE INTESTINE, THEN CLOACA, WHERE DROPPINGS EXIT

Avian Anatomy - Circulatory System

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• - BIRD HEART IS PROPORTIONATELY 1 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN MAMMAL HEART
• - HIGH HEART BEAT
• - HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Reptilian Anatomy

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• - CAN'T GENERATE BODY HEAT
• - KERATINOUS SCALES: PROTECTIVE LAYER COVERS SKIN
• - OUTERMOST SKIN SHED REGULARLY