Psychology A-level: Addiction - created from Mind Map

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Biological Approach

Gambling

Smoking

Initiation: role of genetics- pathological gambling runs in families

Maintenance: gambling associated with under active pituitary adrenal response.

Relapse: poor tolerance to boredom leads to gambling

Shah- twin study found evidence of genetic transmission

Paris- gamblers showed no cortisol response to stimulation videos

Initiation: role of genetics- heritability of smoking between 40-80%

Maintenance: effect of nicotine

Relapse: ability to quit is subject to genetic influence

Vink- nicotine dependence influenced 75% by genetics

Xian- 54% of risk for relapse attributed to genetics

Cognitive Approach

Smoking

Gambling

Initiation: expectancy theory

Maintenance: automatic processing

Relapse: assessing costs and benefits

Brandon- behaviour becomes addiction because of expectancies about its costs and benefits

Brandon- activity influenced more by unconcious expectancies, explaining the lack of control

affects readiness to quit and liklihood of relapse

Initiation: self medication

Maintenance: cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs

Relapse: recall bias

Gelkopf- people intentionally use different forms of gambling as its percieved to help particular problem

believing random events are influenced by recent events

remember and overestimate wins and forget and rationalise losses

Learning Approach

Risk factors

Stress

Peers

Personality

Everyday stress- addiction as coping with daily hassels

Traumatic stress- those exposed to severe stress are more vaulnerable to addiction

SLT- learnt through observation and modelling

Social identity theory- group members adopt norms that are central to social identity of group

Eysenck- extrovert/introvert, neuroticism and psychoticism

Cloniger- predisposed towards addiction if: novelty seeker, harm avoidance and reward dependance

Media influences

Film research

Role of media in changing addictions

Sulkunen- analysed films- drug fims showed enjoyment of effects, contrasting dullness of real life and to alleviate a problem

Waylen- teenagers watching films showing actors smoking- more likely to start themselves

Psst.. guide to alcohol- didn't show change in attitude or behaviour

Drink less? DIY- self-help intervention, successful in achieving low risk

Theory of planned Behaviour

Azjan (1989)

Model for addiction breakdown

Behavioural attitude

Subjective norms

Percieved behavioural control

product of persons personal views, formed on beliefs about consequences

Product of social influence, perceptions of significant others

acts on intention or behaviour itself

Changing behavioural attitude

Changing subjective norms

successful because said its inconsistant with being autonomous and achieving aspirations

Gave adolescents actual data to show its not normal

Types of intervention

Biological

Psychological

Public Health

Methadone- synthetic drug used for heroine addiction, mimics effects but less addictive

Gamblers treated with SSRIs to increase serotonin

Reinforcement- giving rewards for not engaging in behaviour

CBT- changing the way they think

Quitline services- increased odds of quitting by 50%

Smoking Ban

Prevention of youth gambling

applies denormalisation, protection, prevention and harm reduction principles

Psychology A-level: Addiction