Test
BIO 322 Final
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Preguntas del test (53)
1High-yield, land-sparing agriculture relies on
- Athe Green Revolution technologies, such as synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides, to maximize crop production per unit of land area.
- Bthe incorporation of habitat heterogeneity to support undomesticated plants and animals within the agricultural landscape.
- Cnatural methods to enhance pest control and boost soil fertility.
- DAll of the above
2Agricultural practices associated with the Green Revolution
- Adramatically boosted crop yields and made possible the rapid growth of the human population.
- Bnegatively affected aquatic environments due to the use of massive quantities of synthetic fertilizers.
- Charmed wildlife due to the widespread use of pesticides, such as DDT.
- Dare accurately described by all of the above statements.
3The vast dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico near the outflow of the Mississippi River is a result of
- Aexcessive use of insecticides in the agricultural fields of the U.S. Midwest.
- Bthe dumping of untreated sewage by large port cities such as New Orleans.
- Cthe over-application of nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural fields of the U.S. Midwest.
- Dthe over-application of phosphorous fertilizers in agricultural fields of the U.S. Midwest.
4The pesticide DDT exerted large effects on the populations of predatory bird species such as bald eagles, peregrine falcons, and brown pelicans because the breakdown products of DDT
- Ainterfere with the deposition of calcium in eggshells, leading to thin shells and a low rate of hatching success.
- Bare not easily broken down or excreted from the bodies of plants and animals.
- Cbecome more highly concentrated in animals that feed higher on the food chain.
- Dare accurately described by all of the above statements.
5Wildlife-friendly agriculture
- Aseeks to increase biodiversity on and near farmlands.
- Boften comes at the cost of reduced crop production per unit area of land.
- Cemphasizes, but does not strictly require, natural methods to enhance pest control and boost soil fertility.
- Dis accurately described by all of the above statements.
6To get their products organically certified, farmers must
- Alimit their production to small fields.
- Bincorporate on-farm habitat heterogeneity, for example by planting hedgerows.
- Crefrain from using synthetic chemicals to control pests and boost soil fertility.
- Duse direct seeding rather than plowing their fields.
7In looking at this figure, which types of species are you likely to find in an agricultural field of moderately high yield?
- ASpecies of type A only
- BSpecies of type B only
- CSpecies of both types A and B
- DNone of the above
8This figure summarizes data from 174 comparisons of species richness found on organic and conventional farms (positive values indicate greater richness on organic farms). According to these data, organic farms
- Aharbor a higher diversity of small mammal species.
- Bare friendlier to all kinds of wildlife.
- Charbor a higher diversity of arthropods, plants, and possibly birds.
- Dhave slightly lower crop yields.
9According to this figure, studies comparing organic and conventional farms tend to find that organic farms
- Agrowing fruits have yields that are on average about equal to those from conventional producers.
- Bgrowing either cereals or vegetables have greater yields than conventional producers.
- Charbor a greater diversity of organisms than found on conventional farms.
- Dhave lower yields than conventional producers, regardless of the type of crop.
10Compared to a more plant-focused diet, a diet rich with meat has
- Aa smaller carbon footprint and smaller water footprint.
- Ba larger carbon footprint but a smaller water footprint.
- Ca smaller carbon footprint but a larger water footprint.
- Da larger carbon footprint and a larger water footprint.
11The graphs show the land, water, greenhouse gas emissions, and nitrogen pollution associated with the production of 40 grams of protein from various animal sources. According to these figures, obtaining protein from
- Abeef is the most environmentally friendly option.
- Bmilk entails lower greenhouse gas emissions than obtaining the same amount of protein from eggs.
- Cpoultry entails greater greenhouse gas emissions than obtaining the same amount of protein from pork.
- Ddairy, poultry, pork or eggs requires less land and water and entails fewer greenhouse gas emissions and less nitrogen pollution than obtaining the same amount of protein from beef.
12Which of the following is an ecosystem service provided by forests?
- ARegulates pollination services by sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere into trees
- BSupports biodiversity (it is home to the most plant and animal species of any terrestrial habitat)
- CProvides hydropower for building and fuel
- DIncreases soil erosion and reduces water filtration
- EAll of the above are ecosystem services provided by forests
13The REDD program is an example of ___________, which is used as an economic strategy to promote conservation.
- ANegative externalities
- BPayments for ecosystem services
- CFortress conservation
- DStated preferences modeling
14Eutrophication of freshwater in the United States costs _______ per year in lost recreational income and property value, and costs of endangered species and drinking water recovery.
- A$20,000
- B$200,000
- C$2,000,000
- D$2 billion
- E$2 trillion
15What correct conclusion(s) can you draw from this graph?
- AIt is possible to build dams with only modest sacrifices of biodiversity
- BIt is NOT possible to build dams with only modest sacrifices of biodiversity
- CDams decrease survival of migratory fish
- DA and C
- EB and C
16Green Revolution technologies are responsible for:
- Aincreasing Earth’s carrying capacity for humans
- Bsynthetic pesticide & fertilizer production
- Cdevelopment of high-yielding crop varieties
- Dall of the above
17Deforestation is associated with changes to ecosystem services including
- Areduced carbon sequestration.
- Ba more constant supply of fresh water.
- Creduced erosion of soil and siltation of streams.
- DAll of the above
18Which of these nations or regions experienced a net gain of forest cover between 2000 and 2012?
- AChina
- BIndonesia
- CEastern Russia
- DCentral South America
19This figure shows that a large fire in Borneo damaged nearly 60% of forest areas that had been previously logged but less than 6% of intact forest areas. Logged areas may experience greater fire damage if logging
- Aincreases the amount of sunlight entering the forest, thereby causing remaining trees and downed branches to become drier and more flammable.
- Binvolves construction of roads that fragment forests and create edge effects.
- Cis characterized by any of the above statements.
20The data shown in these figures show that salvage logging (logging after a fire)
- Aenhanced regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
- Bsuppressed regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
- Cenhanced regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
- Dsuppressed regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
21Forest conservation could be enhanced by
- Agovernment subsidies in the form of road building.
- Bconsumer willingness to pay higher prices for tropical woods such as mahogany regardless of how the trees are harvested.
- Cplanning efforts that steer deforestation for economic development away from areas of high conservation value.
- DAll of the above
22This figure shows the percentage of species retained following logging. The data suggest that species richness is
- Ais strongly reduced by logging operations.
- Bof mammals was reduced by logging more than was the species richness of birds.
- Cis reasonably well maintained on logged lands, where reductions in the number of species average less than 10% for most groups and less than 20% for birds.
- DNone of the above
23Past estimates of forest cover have not been very reliable. Which of these is not a factor that undermined the reliability of those estimates?
- ASurveyors sometimes intentionally misreported data.
- BIt is impossible to use satellite imagery to distinguish different biomes such as grassland, desert, and forest.
- CEstimates of forest cover were rarely verified by ground surveys.
- DRemote sensing images were not consistently of sufficiently high resolution.
24Which of these statements about the climate-fire-land management nexus is correct?
- AForest fires release climate-warming carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
- BMore frequent droughts can cause tree mortality that can lead to catastrophic, high-intensity fires.
- CPoor land management, including prolonged periods of fire suppression, can lead to intense fires that cause greater tree mortality.
- DAll of the above
25Which of these practices is not characteristic of sustainable forestry operations?
- ALogging is prohibited on steep slopes and near streams.
- BForests are managed as single-aged stands on a short harvest rotation.
- CHarvest plans account for the needs of species, such as nesting sites and key habitats.
- DRoad building is kept to a minimum.
26Which of these factors is not thought to have contributed to Brazil's recent success in reducing the rate of deforestation?
- AMapping land ownership
- BUsing satellite imagery to spot violations
- CIncreasing production of soy on already converted lands
- DIncreasing the amount of land dedicated to beef production
27Roads can be a major liability for forest conservation because they
- Afacilitate expansion of mining, agriculture, and human settlements.
- Bcause mortality of animals due to collisions with vehicles.
- Cfragment habitat, causing edge effects and reducing the probability of dispersal among habitat patches.
- DAll of the above
28Which of the following statements regarding freshwater ecosystems is false?
- ASpecies that rely on freshwater habitats are overrepresented on lists of at-risk species compared to terrestrial species.
- BThe extinction rate of freshwater species is estimated to be three times higher than that of marine species and five times higher than that of terrestrial species.
- CFreshwater ecosystems account for about 6% of Earth s surface, and about 1% of all described species rely on freshwater ecosystems for part or all of their life cycle.
- DFreshwater ecosystems provide valuable ecosystem services ranging from provision, regulation, and purification of fresh water to flood control and sediment transport.
29The IUCN lists approximately one-third of all evaluated amphibian species as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Which of the following threats are thought to be responsible for the widespread amphibian decline?
- AOverharvest
- BHabitat destruction
- CFungal disease
- DAll of the above
30Only 2.5% of all water on Earth is fresh water, as opposed to brackish or salt water. Most of this fresh water can be found in
- Alakes and rivers.
- Bshallow aquifers, accessible for human use.
- Cdeep aquifers, inaccessible for human use.
- Dglaciers or polar ice caps.
31Which of the following statements describing how global climate change is predicted to affect the supply of fresh water is false?
- AThe volume of precipitation will decline uniformly across landmasses.
- BRising sea level will increase the extent of saltwater intrusion in coastal rivers and aquifers.
- CMelting of mountain glaciers will cause increased flooding in the short term and water shortages in the long term.
- DPrecipitation will increasingly come in the form of rain rather than snow, which will exacerbate flooding during the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season.
32Besides blocking the movement of fish and invertebrates, dams harm ecosystems by
- Aconverting fast-flowing water into large lake-like habitats.
- Breducing the seasonal variability of stream flow.
- Cflooding and thereby destroying riparian habitats.
- DAll of the above
33Which of the following would be considered a point source of water pollution?
- AUrban storm sewers
- BRunoff from agricultural fields
- CEffluent from a factory
- DSedimentation due to logging
34Strategies for restoring the natural flow patterns that many freshwater species rely on include
- Aremoving selected dams that produce minimal societal benefits at great ecological cost.
- Breleasing water from dams to more closely resemble the natural timing and variability of stream flow.
- Cremoving levees to reconnect rivers to floodplains in select areas.
- DAll of the above
35Which of the following statements accurately describes how a freshwater PES (payments for ecosystem services) program might work?
- AEnd users pay upstream landowners to avoid logging and grazing practices that might otherwise reduce water quality.
- BEnd users pay a municipal water agency to filter and purify water for their use.
- CEnd users who pay for wells that tap deep into underground aquifers are exempt from municipal water use fees.
- DEnd users who reduce their water use earn tax breaks and other financial incentives.
36Water use potentially could be reduced by adopting any of the following strategies except one. Which strategy would be unlikely to reduce water use?
- ACalculation of water footprints (the amount of water used throughout an item s production chain)
- BAgricultural water pricing based on the number of hectares of farmed land rather than the actual amount of water used
- CHousehold water pricing that penalizes waste
- DAgricultural water pricing based on the amount of water used rather than the number of hectares farmed
37How many of Earth’s known species call the ocean home?
- A1%
- B4%
- C15%
- D50%
38What percent of the world's human population lives within 60 miles of the ocean?
- A1%
- B15%
- C40%
- D60%
39MPAs in IUCN Category VI allow industrial-scale fishing and other marine product harvesting
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
40MPAs in IUCN Category I allow some fishing and recreation as long as it is not at an industrial scale
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41An introduced species...
- AIs the same as an "exotic species"
- BCan also be a native species
- CIs the same as a "naturalized species"
- DA and C
- EAll of the above
42Annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations on Earth are currently in the range of:
- A400-450 ppm
- B400-450 ppb
- C250-350 ppm
- D850-1050 ppm
- E850-1050 ppb
- F550-650 ppm
43All of the following are misconceptions about climate change, except
- AChanges in solar output from the sun is the primary cause of rising global temperatures.
- BAir temperatures are uniformly rising in all parts of the world.
- CThe increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is good for plants and farmers
- DSmall changes in global temperatures are fine, because weather varies every day too.
- EClimate change creates more tropical climates and regions, which most people like.
- FAll of the above statements are TRUE about climate change.
- GAll of the above statements are MISCONCEPTIONS about climate change.
44Which of the following statements is not consistent with climate observations made over the last 150 years?
- AAverage global temperature has increased.
- BAverage temperature has increased in all locations.
- CAverage global sea level has increased.
- DSnow cover has decreased in the northern hemisphere.
45Which of the following statements is not consistent with the reconstructed record of carbon dioxide and temperature over the last 420,000 years as shown in this figure?
- AThe concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is closely correlated with global temperature.
- BThe amount of carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere is unprecedented over the last 420,000 years.
- CUntil recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has fluctuated between roughly 190 and 290 ppm.
- DThe current average global temperature is unprecedented over the last 420,000 years.
46Below is a list of natural (non-anthropogenic) forces that can affect the average global temperature. Of these, which one is least capable of causing an increase in average global temperature?
- AFluctuations in solar activity
- BChanges in Earth's orbit
- CChanges in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
- DVolcanic activity
47Which of the following statements about anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is false?
- AGlobal climate models accurately predict the observed global rise in temperature if, and only if, they include anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
- BAgriculture and decomposition of waste in landfills are the primary anthropogenic sources of methane gas.
- CThe burning of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide.
- DAnthropogenic emissions of methane are greater, by volume, than those of carbon dioxide.
48Which of these statements correctly describes the biological effects associated with recent climate change?
- ARecent climate change has been unambiguously linked to the extinction of many species.
- BRecent climate change is associated with a shift in the timing of key biological events, such as flowering and nesting, to slightly later in the calendar year.
- CRecent climate change is associated with a poleward shift of the geographic range for many species.
- DNone of the above statements correctly describes the biological effects associated with recent climate change.
49Projections of how future climate change could affect the geographic ranges of species typically use
- Aa variety of assumptions about the species’ ability to disperse to newly suitable locations.
- Ba variety of models (GCMs) depicting global climatic processes.
- Ca detailed description of the environmental conditions within the species’ current geographic range (known as the climate envelope).
- DAll of the above
50Which of these statements accurately describes the anticipated effects of climate change for the delivery of ecosystem services?
- AIn the long run, glacial melt is predicted to increase the availability of fresh water to people living along the Ganges and Yangtze rivers.
- BThe rising sea level is predicted to cause marshes and mangroves to expand, thereby improving protection of coastal communities from storm surge.
- CRising temperatures are expected to uniformly increase agricultural yields.
- DNone of the above
51Which of the following strategies is not designed to help mitigate climate change?
- AProtect dispersal corridors so animals and plants can shift their ranges poleward in response to the warming climate.
- BEnact regulations such as a mandatory increase in the average fuel efficiency of vehicles produced in a nation.
- CEstablish a cap-and-trade market for carbon dioxide emissions.
- DProvide economic incentives such as tax breaks for the development and/or adoption of renewable energy technologies.
52Which of the following strategies is not designed to help nature adapt to climate change?
- AProtect dispersal corridors so animals and plants can shift their ranges poleward in response to the warming climate.
- BProtect areas just inland of important coastal ecosystems so animals and plants can shift their ranges inland as sea level rises.
- CProvide incentives for carbon dioxide capture at power plants.
- DTranslocate threatened plant and animal species to areas that are expected to develop, as a result of climate change, the appropriate mix of environmental conditions for them.
53The rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is a threat to corals because
- Acarbon dioxide is a key limiting nutrient for marine algae, such that higher amounts of CO2 in the water can stimulate algal blooms that overgrow and smother corals.
- Bcarbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, thereby reducing the amount of calcium carbonate available for coral growth.
- Ccarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas contributing to warming of the world s oceans, and corals are more likely to expel their algal symbionts when the water heats up.
- DBoth B and C are correct.
Información
- Descripción
- Environmental Studies Test sobre BIO 322 Final, creado por Gwenyth Nicholls el 24/11/2018.
- Autor
- Gwenyth Nicholls
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 4
- Etiquetas
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