Ling Ch 7

1. 1[blank_start]Free morphemes[blank_end] can stand as words by themselves but [blank_start]bound morphemes[blank_end] have to be attached to something else. Inflectional morphemes can only be [blank_start]suffixes[blank_end] and they add information to a word, like about gender or about what role it's currently playing in the grammar, [blank_start]without actually[blank_end] changing its part of speech or the meaning. Derivational morphemes do can either of these things and can be not only suffixes but also [blank_start]prefixes[blank_end].
   
   When they're a prefix they only change the [blank_start]meaning[blank_end] and not the part of speech but when they're a suffix they're mainly changing the [blank_start]part of speech[blank_end] and only telling us a bit about the meaning, if they tell us anything at all.
   
   An [blank_start]infix[blank_end] is an interesting type of bound morpheme seen in some languages. Instead of attaching at the beginning or end, it goes [blank_start]in the middle[blank_end] or even weaves its phonemes in with those of the root!
   
   [blank_start]Circumfixing[blank_end] is when a morpheme surrounds a root. Also [blank_start]reduplication[blank_end] is when all or part of a word is copied and then attached to it, like happens in Taglog with the future tense.

   1. AFree morphemes
   2. BBound morphemes
   3. Cbound morphemes
   4. Dfree morphemes
   5. Esuffixes
   6. Fprefixes
   7. Gwithout actually
   8. Hwhile also
   9. Iprefixes
   10. Jinfixes
   11. Kmeaning
   12. Lword's grammar role in the sentence
   13. Mpart of speech
   14. Nspelling
   15. Oinfix
   16. Pcircumfix
   17. Qreduplication
   18. Rin the middle
   19. Sas a separate word
   20. TCircumfixing
   21. Uinfixing
   22. Vreduplication
   23. Wreduplication
   24. Xcopying
   25. Yinfixing
2. 2These are all the inflectional morphemes in English:
   
   Regular Plural: -s
   Plural After Sibilant: [blank_start]-es[blank_end]
   
   Comparative: [blank_start]-er[blank_end]
   Superlative: [blank_start]-est[blank_end]
   
   Past Tense: [blank_start]-ed[blank_end]
   Progressive: [blank_start]-ing[blank_end]
   Perfect: [blank_start]-en[blank_end]
   Present: [blank_start]-s[blank_end]

   1. A-es
   2. B-er
   3. C-est
   4. D-ed
   5. E-ing
   6. F-en
   7. G-s
3. 3In morphology a [blank_start]base[blank_end] can stand alone but a [blank_start]root[blank_end] must be attached to another morpheme.

   1. Abase
   2. Broot
   3. Cvention
4. 4Match the example with the type of word it is:
   
   cupcake - [blank_start]compound[blank_end]
   cup - [blank_start]simple[blank_end]
   cupcakes - [blank_start]compound-complex[blank_end]
   cups - [blank_start]complex[blank_end]
   

   1. Acompound
   2. Bsimple
   3. Ccompound-complex
   4. Dcomplex
5. 5Match the type of word with its definition.
   
   2 free morphemes, 1+ bound - [blank_start]compound-complex[blank_end]
   1 free morpheme - [blank_start]simple[blank_end]
   2 free morphemes - [blank_start]compound[blank_end]
   1 free morpheme, 1+ bound - [blank_start]complex[blank_end]

   1. Acompound-complex
   2. Bsimple
   3. Ccompound
   4. Dcomplex
6. 6A lot of our [blank_start]grammar rules[blank_end] and [blank_start]parts of speech[blank_end] came from the fact that the original teachers of English grammar were former [blank_start]Latin[blank_end] teachers. In fact, they're the ones who originally came up with the idea that English natives should know the [blank_start]grammar[blank_end] of their language.

   1. Agrammar rules
   2. Bphonotactics
   3. Cparts of speech
   4. Dlinguistic classification
   5. ELatin
   6. FGreek
   7. Ggrammar
   8. Hpronunciation
7. 7Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and [blank_start]adverbs[blank_end] are called [blank_start]content words[blank_end] because they carry most of the meaning of a sentence. They are also called [blank_start]open-class[blank_end] words because they can gain new words.
   
   On the flipside we have [blank_start]function words[blank_end] which include things like determiners, prepositions, [blank_start]pronouns[blank_end], conjunctions, and so on. Most of these categories rarely, if ever, get new words so they are called [blank_start]closed class[blank_end].

   1. Acontent words
   2. Bopen-class
   3. Cfunction words
   4. Dadverbs
   5. Epronouns
   6. Fclosed class
8. 8Match the derivational suffix with the kind of word it turns a word into:
   
   Noun
   --------
   [blank_start]-ment[blank_end]
   [blank_start]-tion[blank_end]
   
   Verb
   --------
   [blank_start]-ify[blank_end]
   [blank_start]-ize[blank_end]
   
   Adjective
   --------
   [blank_start]-ous[blank_end]
   [blank_start]-ful[blank_end]

   1. A-ment
   2. B-tion
   3. C-ify
   4. D-ize
   5. E-ous
   6. F-ful
9. 9Match the examples with the type of pronouns they are.
   
   (I, my) - [blank_start]personal pronouns[blank_end]
   (someone, anything) - [blank_start]indefinite pronouns[blank_end]
   (myself, yourself) - [blank_start]reflexive pronouns[blank_end]
   (each, someone, anything) - [blank_start]reciprocal pronouns[blank_end]
   (who, what, when, which) - [blank_start]interrogative pronouns[blank_end]
   (mine, his) - [blank_start]possessive pronouns[blank_end]
   (who, which that) - [blank_start]relative pronouns[blank_end]
   

   1. Apersonal pronouns
   2. Bindefinite pronouns
   3. Creflexive pronouns
   4. Dreciprocal pronouns
   5. Einterrogative pronouns
   6. Fpossessive pronouns
   7. Grelative pronouns
10. 10be - [blank_start]both[blank_end]
    has - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]
    does - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]
    feels - [blank_start]copular[blank_end]
    appears - [blank_start]copular[blank_end]
    is - [blank_start]both[blank_end]
    should - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]
    seems - [blank_start]copular[blank_end]
    shall - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]
    could - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]
    are - [blank_start]both[blank_end]
    may - [blank_start]auxillary[blank_end]

    1. Aboth
    2. Bauxiliary
    3. Ccopular
    4. Dauxiliary
    5. Ecopular
    6. Fboth
    7. Gauxiliary
    8. Hcopular
    9. Iboth
    10. Jcopular
    11. Kauxiliary
    12. Lboth
    13. Mcopular
    14. Nauxiliary
    15. Oboth
    16. Pboth
    17. Qauxiliary
    18. Rcopular
    19. Sauxillary
    20. Tcopular
    21. Uboth
    22. Vcopular
    23. Wauxiliary
    24. Xboth
    25. Yauxiliary
    26. Zcopular
    27. AAboth
    28. ABauxiliary
    29. ACcopular
    30. ADboth
    31. AEboth
    32. AFauxiliary
    33. AGcopular
    34. AHauxiliary
    35. AIcopular
    36. AJboth

11. 11When a preposition is in a phrasal verb we call it a [blank_start]particle[blank_end]. Phrasal verbs are different from other verbs because they [blank_start]have[blank_end] a meaning that does not necessarily relate to the literal meanings of its component words.

    1. Aparticle
    2. Bhave
    3. Cdo not have
12. 12A derivational suffix will always go on [blank_start]before[blank_end] an inflectional one. A prefix on the other hand, can go on [blank_start]before or after[blank_end] an inflectional one.

    1. Abefore
    2. Bafter
    3. Cbefore or after
    4. Dafter
13. 13In [blank_start]synthetic[blank_end] languages inflection is the primary way they show grammatical relationships. If these bound morphemes only add one piece of meaning each, the language is [blank_start]agglutinative[blank_end]. If these morphemes can each add more than one piece of meaning, then the language is [blank_start]fusional[blank_end].
    
    An extremely synthetic language is called [blank_start]polysynthetic[blank_end]. Some of these languages can inflect a word so much it says as much as a whole sentence in English!
    
    An [blank_start]analytic[blank_end] languages is one where the grammatical information comes primarily from free morphemes. If a language is so analytical that it doesn't use any bound morphemes at all then it is called [blank_start]isolating[blank_end].
    

    1. Aagglutinative
    2. Bfusional
    3. Csynthetic
    4. Dpolysynthetic
    5. Eanalytic
    6. Fisolating
14. 14Due to its use of particles and flexible word order, Japanese is a synthetic language.

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
15. 15Regarding the ways new words come into a language, [blank_start]coining[blank_end] is when somebody gives a name to some new thing like a behavior, product, invention, part of a program, etc.
    
    You get a [blank_start]compound[blank_end] when you join two existing words like pan and cake.
    
    [blank_start]Clipping[blank_end] happens when you shorten a word like turning mathematics into math.
    
    You get a [blank_start]blend[blank_end] when you combine words to make another word like how smog was formed from smoke and fog.
    
    [blank_start]Backformation[blank_end] is where we take a word that appears to have been derived from another word, but doesn't exist in our language, and add it to the language like when we just had the word beggar and added the word beg because we thought it came from that.
    
    It's also considered backformation when we take a word that is only a noun and start using it as a [blank_start]verb[blank_end] like how spam started as a noun and then we created to spam.

    1. Acoining
    2. Bcompound
    3. CClipping
    4. Dblend
    5. EBackformation
    6. Fverb
16. 16Regarding the origins of words, another word for borrowed words is loanwords.
    
    Languages like Dutch, [blank_start]Norwegian[blank_end], and English are called Germanic languages. Through borrowing, though, English obtained a lot of words that weren't [blank_start]Germanic[blank_end]. Well, due to the all the terminology used in academia English has quite a bit of [blank_start]Greek and Latin[blank_end] words in our language but if you just look at words we use in everyday situations then most of our words are actually still Germanic. About [blank_start]25%[blank_end] of all our words are Germanic but about [blank_start]57%[blank_end] of the common ones are.
    
    However, this only applies to words where we know their point of origin. Some words have come down to us through so many [blank_start]languages[blank_end] that we have no idea where they started.

    1. ANorwegian
    2. BJapanese
    3. CGermanic
    4. DDutch
    5. EGreek and Latin
    6. FSpanish and Italian
    7. G25%
    8. H40%
    9. I57%
    10. J88%
    11. Klanguages
    12. Lscribes
17. 17Word formation rules are [blank_start]repeating[blank_end] patterns for how new words get [blank_start]added[blank_end] to a language. For example, one pattern is adding -er to a verb to turn it into a noun that means one who does the verb.
    
    Sometimes the rules have additional stipulations like how the rule is [blank_start]blocked[blank_end] when there already is a noun that means "one who does X." For example, we can't say that somebody who cooks is a cooker because we have cook or chef for that.
    
    Also a rule might be applied slightly differently in different situations. For example, the -er suffix is spelled [blank_start]-or[blank_end] sometimes when the original verb was from Latin.

    1. Arepeating
    2. Bone-time
    3. Cadded
    4. Dstopped from being added
    5. Eblocked
    6. Factivated
    7. G-or
    8. H-ion
18. 18Sometimes word-formation rules vary depending on if what part of speech you're affixing. For example, when you put -ly on an adjective it creates an [blank_start]adverb[blank_end] (e.g. happy to happily.) However, in a few cases, you can add -ly to a noun and create an [blank_start]adjective[blank_end] (e.g. love to lovely.)
    
    Since the adverb creating scenario is more common we say the adjective to adverb rule is the more [blank_start]productive[blank_end] of the two.

    1. Aadverb
    2. Bnoun
    3. Cadjective
    4. Dadverb
    5. Eproductive
    6. Fconducive
19. 19If you add a [blank_start]prefix[blank_end] to an adjective then you will still have an adjective like when you do happy to unhappy. However the [blank_start]meaning[blank_end] you add is not always straight forward. For example, un- has [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] limitations when it comes to putting it on a verb. You can only use it on a verb that is [blank_start]undoable[blank_end]. So I can say untie but I [blank_start]can't[blank_end] things like unwalk or undream.

    1. Aprefix
    2. Bsuffix
    3. Cmeaning
    4. Dgrammar
    5. Esemantic
    6. Fmorphemic
    7. Gundoable
    8. Hnegative
    9. Ican't
    10. Jcan

Descripción

Linguistics Test sobre Ling Ch 7, creado por Starry . el 11/12/2018.

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