Test
Flow and Pressure
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Preguntas del test (39)
1Flow must remain the same in both pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation because they are in series.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
2Which division of circulation exists at high resistance and high pressure with several vascular beds in parallel to one another?
- ASystemic
- BPulmonary
3Which division of circulation exists at low resistance and low pressure?
- APulmonary
- BSystemic
4The bronchial circulation is a branch of the [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] circulation. It supplies oxygenated blood to the tissues of the [blank_start]lungs[blank_end]. It doesn't drain via a [blank_start]deoxygenated[blank_end] venous system, instead it drains into the [blank_start]pulmonary vein[blank_end]. This causes mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.
- Asystemic
- Blungs
- Cdeoxygenated
- Dpulmonary vein
5What is the definition of stroke volume?
- AThe volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat
- BThe volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in 1 minute
- CThe volume of blood pumped from both ventricles in one beat
- DThe volume of blood pumped to the coronary arteries in one beat
6What is the definition of cardiac output?
- AThe volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute
- BThe volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 30 seconds
- CThe voltage output of each heartbeat
- DThe volume of blood pumped by both ventricles in 1 minute
7How do we calculate cardiac output?
- AHeart rate x stroke volume
- BHeart rate / stroke volume
- CStroke volume / heart rate
- DStroke volume + heart rate
8What is the correct healthy range for stroke volume?
- A50-100mls
- B100-150mls
- C70-100mls
- D75-100mls
9What is the correct healthy range for cardiac output?
- A4-8L/min
- B4-8ml/min
- C5-10L/min
- D4-8L/hour
10What is the correct definition of venous return?
- ARate of blood flow back to the heart in unit volume per minute
- BRate of blood flow back to the heart in unit volume per hour
- CRate of blood flow to the liver in unit volume per minute
- DRate of flow in the venules in unit volume per minute
11Venous return must be equal to cardiac output
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12What is the definition of central venous pressure?
- AThe pressure in the thoracic vena cava
- BThe pressure in the inferior vena cava
- CThe average pressure of the venous system
- DThe pressure in the right atrium
13What is the definition of preload?
- AA measure of pressure on the sarcomeres of the cardiomyocytes at the end of ventricular filling
- BA measure of the pressure on the sarcomeres of the cardiomyocytes before ventricular filling
- CA measure of the pressure in the thoracic vena cava
- DA measure of the pressure on the sarcomeres of the cardiomyocytes during ventricular systole
14The unit of preload is mmHg
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15What is the correct definition of total peripheral resistance?
- AThe resistance to blood flow offered by all systemic vasculature
- BThe resistance to blood flow offered by systemic and pulmonary vasculature
- CThe resistance to blood flow offered by pulmonary vasculature
- DThe resistance to blood flow offered by the thoracic vena cava
16Ventricular filling is not related to preload
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17What is the correct definition of afterload?
- AThe pressure required to open the aortic valve and eject blood during systole
- BThe pressure required to open the left atrioventricular valve to eject blood during systole
- CThe pressure on the sarcomeres of the cardiomyocytes in the left atrium after diastole
- DThe pressure on the sarcomeres of the cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle at the end of ventricular filling
18Afterload is proportional to average arterial blood pressure
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
19The equation below represents rate of diffusion according to Fick's law. Label it.
- ADifference in concentration
- BArea
- CDiffusion distance
- Dmolecular weight
- EPermeability
20What does Darcy's law of flow tell us?
- AFlow is proportional to pressure difference across a tube and inversely proportional to resistance to flow across a tube
- BFlow is inversely proportional to pressure difference across a tube and inversely proportional to resistance to flow across a tube
- CFlow is proportional to pressure difference across a tube and proportional to resistance to flow across a tube
- DFlow is not related to pressure difference or resistance
21What is the correct equation for flow?
- A(P1 - P2) / R
- BR / (P1 - P2)
- C(P1 - P2) x R
- D(P1 - P2) + R
22If pressure or flow changes, resistance will change.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
23What does Poiseuille's law tell us?
- AResistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the tube power 4
- BResistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the tube power 2
- CResistance is directly proportional to the radius of the tube
- DResistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the tube
24The equation below shows us how resistance changes according to Poiseuille's law.
- AViscosity
- BLength of tube
- CResistance
- DRadius of tube
25Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid. What does this mean?
- AViscosity is variable based on applied stress or force
- BViscosity is constant no matter the conditions
- CViscosity increases with temperature
26Laminar flow is the flow of a fluid when each particle follows a [blank_start]smooth[blank_end] path which does not [blank_start]interfere[blank_end] with others. This results in a [blank_start]constant[blank_end] velocity of fluid throughout. [blank_start]Viscous[blank_end] drag at the sides of a vessel will slow blood. This becomes more apparent as the radius of the vessel [blank_start]decreases[blank_end]. The cells in the blood therefore align in the [blank_start]fastest[blank_end] moving portion of the fluid. This is known as [blank_start]axial streaming[blank_end]. This [blank_start]reduces[blank_end] viscosity because only the plasma is left at the walls of the vessel.
- Asmooth
- Binterfere
- Cconstant
- DViscous
- Edecreases
- Ffastest
- Gaxial streaming
- Hreduces
27Turbulent flow is the flow of a fluid when velocity components randomly [blank_start]fluctuate[blank_end] in a chaotic fashion. This means that blood will flow in several [blank_start]directions[blank_end] with the [blank_start]mixing[blank_end] of layers. This occurs in large arteries at [blank_start]branch[blank_end] points and partially [blank_start]obstructed[blank_end] arteries (e.g. partially opened valves). This [blank_start]increases[blank_end] resistance and causes vibrations. In the heart, high velocity blood flow vibrations can be detected as [blank_start]murmurs[blank_end]. In the airways, high velocity air flow vibrations can be detected as [blank_start]wheezes[blank_end]. Turbulent flow [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the energy required to drive blood flow and increases loss of energy through [blank_start]friction[blank_end] generating heat.
- Afluctuate
- Bdirections
- Cmixing
- Dbranch
- Eobstructed
- Fincreases
- Gmurmurs
- Hwheezes
- Iincreases
- Jfriction
28This graph shows how flow changes with pressure in different types of tubes.
An example of a distensible vessel is the [blank_start]pulmonary artery[blank_end]. When cardiac output increases, the [blank_start]pulmonary artery[blank_end] [blank_start]stretches[blank_end] to keep flow constant by reducing [blank_start]resistance[blank_end]. However, it can only stretch so much, so flow does eventually [blank_start]increase[blank_end].
In a rigid tube, blood flow and pressure are [blank_start]proportional[blank_end] to one another. The lower the resistance, the [blank_start]steeper[blank_end] the gradient.
A myogenic vessel is one with the ability to [blank_start]contract[blank_end]. These vessels [blank_start]contract[blank_end] in response to increased pressure in order to maintain constant flow. Flow increases to a point with increasing pressure until [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] prevents flow from increasing further.
- Apulmonary artery
- Bpulmonary artery
- Cstretches
- Dresistance
- Eincrease
- Fproportional
- Gsteeper
- Hcontract
- Icontract
- Jconstriction
29What is the correct equation for total resistance of tubes in series?
- ARt = R1 + R2 + R3
- BRt = R1 x R2 x R3
- C1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
- D1/Rt = 1/R1 x 1/R2 x 1/R3
30What is the correct equation for total resistance of tubes in parallel with one another?
- A1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
- B1/Rt = 1/R1 x 1/R2 x 1/R3
- CRt = R1 + R2 + R3
- DRt = R1 x R2 x R3
31Total resistance increases with more resistances in systems in both series and parallel
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
32What is another way of expressing the inverse of resistance, given as gtotal, g1, g2 etc?
- AConductance
- BFlow
- CVelocity
- DViscosity
33We can regulate blood flow through an organ or tissue independent of MABP
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
34This diagram shows the blood flow through different tissues in systemic circulation. The vascular beds in each tissue are [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] to one another. Therefore, when resistance [blank_start]increases[blank_end] in the arteries of tissue 1 as shown by the red squiggle, flow in the capillaries of tissue one [blank_start]decreases[blank_end]. However, flow in tissues 2 and 3 remains [blank_start]constant[blank_end].
- Aparallel
- Bincreases
- Cdecreases
- Dconstant
35What is the correct equation for mean arterial blood pressure?
- ACO x TPR
- BCO / TPR
- CTPR / CO
- DCO + TPR
36If mean arterial blood pressure is equal to cardiac output multiplied by total peripheral resistance, what does this tell us?
- AMean arterial blood pressure is controlled by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
- BMean arterial blood pressure is controlled by cardiac output only
- CMean arterial blood pressure is controlled by total peripheral resistance only
- DMean arterial blood pressure is always constant
37This diagram shows changes in segment pressure and resistance in systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. The red line shows changes in segment pressure in systemic circulation.
As the heart beats, pressure in the left ventricle [blank_start]oscillates[blank_end].
Blood flows into the large arteries and is still oscillatory between [blank_start]systolic[blank_end] and diastolic pressure. This pressure is the [blank_start]mean arterial[blank_end] blood pressure.
Blood flows into the smaller arteries with a large [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in pressure. This is therefore the main site for control of [blank_start]total peripheral resistance[blank_end]. A small change in the [blank_start]radii[blank_end] of these vessels will have a profound effect on resistance.
Blood flows into the capillaries with an additional pressure [blank_start]decrease[blank_end]. Although we have a smaller [blank_start]diameter[blank_end] in the capillaries, they are more highly [blank_start]branched[blank_end] than the arterioles. Therefore, we have more tubes in [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] so total resistance is [blank_start]lower[blank_end] and pressure does not decrease as much.
Blood flows into the veins and pressure decreases once more. When blood returns to the heart via the great veins the pressure is extremely [blank_start]low[blank_end].
- Aoscillates
- Bsystolic
- Cmean arterial
- Ddecrease
- Etotal peripheral resistance
- Fradii
- Gdecrease
- Hdiameter
- Ibranched
- Jparallel
- Klower
- Llow
38This diagram shows changes in segment pressure and resistance across systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. The green line shows changes in segment pressure in the pulmonary circulation.
As the heart beats, pressure in the right ventricle [blank_start]oscillates[blank_end]. The maximum pressure is [blank_start]lower[blank_end] than in the left ventricle because the blood only has to reach the lungs.
Blood pressure decreases across the arteries and arterioles.
Blood pressure doesn't decrease as harshly across the capillaries because whilst they have a smaller [blank_start]diameter[blank_end] they are more highly [blank_start]branched[blank_end] than the arterioles. This means we have more tubes in series and thus total resistance is [blank_start]lower.[blank_end] Pressure decreases further in the veins.- Aoscillates
- Blower
- Cdiameter
- Dbranched
- Elower.
39This diagram shows changes in segment pressure and segment resistance across systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. The blue line shows the changes in resistance occurring across both circulations.
In the systemic large arteries, resistance is [blank_start]low[blank_end] because there are few of them and they have wide [blank_start]diameters[blank_end].
There is a dramatic increase in the systemic arteries due to their [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] diameters.
However, as branching increases across the capillaries, resistance [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] as there are more highly branches tubes in [blank_start]parallel[blank_end].
As blood drains into the venules, resistance [blank_start]increases[blank_end] due to fewer tubes occurring in [blank_start]parallel[blank_end].
Resistance decreases again in the great veins due to their wide [blank_start]diameter[blank_end].- Alow
- Bdiameters
- Csmaller
- Ddecreases
- Eparallel
- Fincreases
- Gparallel
- Hdiameter
Información
- Descripción
- Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology Test sobre Flow and Pressure, creado por Charlotte Jakes el 24/11/2019.
- Autor
- Charlotte Jakes
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 44
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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