Instrumental Conditioning

1. 1What is instrumental conditioning?
   1. [blank_start]Behavior[blank_end] produces [blank_start]consequent stimulus[blank_end] and often occurs because it [blank_start]produces consequence[blank_end].
   2. [blank_start]Goal-directed[blank_end] = occurs before [blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end], [blank_start]voluntary[blank_end], [blank_start]emitted[blank_end].

   1. ABehavior
   2. Bconsequent stimulus
   3. Cproduces consequence
   4. DGoal-directed
   5. Ereinforcement
   6. Fvoluntary
   7. Gemitted
2. 2What is connectionism?
   1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
   2. [blank_start]Neural bond[blank_end] between [blank_start]sense impression[blank_end] ([blank_start]stimulus[blank_end]) and [blank_start]impulse to action[blank_end] ([blank_start]response[blank_end])

   1. Athorndike
   2. BNeural bond
   3. Csense impression
   4. Dstimulus
   5. Eimpulse to action
   6. Fresponse
3. 3What is trial and error learning?
   1. Most [blank_start]basic[blank_end] form of learning according to [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
   2. [blank_start]Cats in puzzle boxes[blank_end] = [blank_start]incremental[blank_end] improvement, [blank_start]systematic[blank_end] steps, not [blank_start]insightful[blank_end]

   1. Abasic
   2. Bthorndike
   3. CCats in puzzle boxes
   4. Dincremental
   5. Esystematic
   6. Finsightful
4. 4What is the law of effect?
   1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
   2. If [blank_start]response[blank_end] to [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] is followed by [blank_start]pleasant[blank_end] event/[blank_start]reinforcer[blank_end] = [blank_start]strengthened[blank_end], [blank_start]annoying[blank_end] event [blank_start]weakens[blank_end]
   3. Based on [blank_start]discrete trials[blank_end]

   1. Athorndike
   2. Bresponse
   3. Cstimulus
   4. Dpleasant
   5. Ereinforcer
   6. Fstrengthened
   7. Gannoying
   8. Hweakens
   9. Idiscrete trials
5. 5How was maze learning used in instrumental conditioning?
   1. [blank_start]Discrete trials[blank_end] approach
   2. Recorded [blank_start]time to reach food[blank_end] and number of [blank_start]errors[blank_end]
   3. Simplified from [blank_start]maze[blank_end] to [blank_start]T maze[blank_end] to [blank_start]straight alley[blank_end]

   1. ADiscrete trials
   2. Btime to reach food
   3. Cerrors
   4. Dmaze
   5. ET maze
   6. Fstraight alley
6. 6What is the skinner box?
   1. Also known as the [blank_start]operant chamber[blank_end]
   2. [blank_start]free operant[blank_end] conditioning = rat [blank_start]freely[blank_end] able to [blank_start]press lever[blank_end] when/how often they want to recieve [blank_start]food pellets[blank_end]
   3. Important because [blank_start]automates instrumental conditioning[blank_end], able to study [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] learning

   1. Aoperant chamber
   2. Bfree operant
   3. Cfreely
   4. Dpress lever
   5. Efood pellets
   6. Fcontinuous
   7. Gautomates instrumental conditioning
7. 7What is a cummulative recorder?
   1. Developed by [blank_start]skinner[blank_end]
   2. [blank_start]free operant[blank_end] conditioning = measure [blank_start]learning[blank_end] through [blank_start]rate of behavior[blank_end]
   3. creates a [blank_start]visual record[blank_end] = [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] recording of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end], [blank_start]increased[blank_end] with each [blank_start]response[blank_end]

   1. Askinner
   2. Bfree operant
   3. Clearning
   4. Drate of behavior
   5. Evisual record
   6. Fcontinuous
   7. Gbehavior
   8. Hincreased
   9. Iresponse
8. 8What is free-operant conditioning?
   1. Developed by [blank_start]skinner[blank_end] using the [blank_start]operant chamber[blank_end]
   2. [blank_start]operant[blank_end] level = [blank_start]baseline[blank_end] level prior to [blank_start]conditioning[blank_end], use to assess [blank_start]change in behavior[blank_end]/[blank_start]learning[blank_end]
   3. [blank_start]novel[blank_end] method for analysis of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] = study [blank_start]individual[blank_end] behavior, not [blank_start]average performance of groups[blank_end]
   4. shape desired [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] controlled by [blank_start]consequences[blank_end]

   1. Askinner
   2. Boperant chamber
   3. Coperant
   4. Dbaseline
   5. Econditioning
   6. Fchange in behavior
   7. Glearning
   8. Hnovel
   9. Ibehavior
   10. Jindividual
   11. Kaverage performance of groups
   12. Lbehavior
   13. Mconsequences
9. 9What is positive reinforcement?
   1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
   2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end] = response produces [blank_start]appetitive stimulus[blank_end] = [blank_start]increase[blank_end] behavior
   3. allows for [blank_start]continuous reward[blank_end] event

   1. Ainstrumental
   2. Bpositive
   3. Creinforcement
   4. Dappetitive stimulus
   5. Eincrease
   6. Fcontinuous reward
10. 10What is punishment?
    1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
    2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]punishment[blank_end] = response produces [blank_start]aversive stimulus[blank_end] = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
    3. [blank_start]hard[blank_end] to train = may have to first train with [blank_start]positive reinforcement[blank_end]

    1. Ainstrumental
    2. Bpositive
    3. Cpunishment
    4. Daversive stimulus
    5. Edecrease
    6. Fhard
    7. Gpositive reinforcement

11. 11What is negative reinforcement?
    1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
    2. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end] = response [blank_start]removes[blank_end] ([blank_start]escape[blank_end])/[blank_start]prevents[blank_end] ([blank_start]avoidance[blank_end]) [blank_start]aversive[blank_end] stimulus = [blank_start]increase[blank_end] behavior

    1. Ainstrumental
    2. Bnegative
    3. Creinforcement
    4. Dremoves
    5. Eescape
    6. Fprevents
    7. Gavoidance
    8. Haversive
    9. Iincrease
12. 12What is omission training?
    1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
    2. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]punishment[blank_end] = response [blank_start]prevents[blank_end] [blank_start]appetitive[blank_end] stimulus = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
    3. sometimes called [blank_start]DRO[blank_end] = withdraw [blank_start]other reinforcers[blank_end]

    1. Ainstrumental
    2. Bnegative
    3. Cpunishment
    4. Dprevents
    5. Eappetitive
    6. Fdecrease
    7. GDRO
    8. Hother reinforcers
13. 13What is the response/reinforcer contingency?
    1. [blank_start]predictive[blank_end] relationship between [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] (response) and [blank_start]environmental event[blank_end] (reinforcer)
    2. extent to which [blank_start]reinforcer[blank_end] depends on [blank_start]prior occurence[blank_end] of [blank_start]response[blank_end]

    1. Apredictive
    2. Bbehavior
    3. Cenvironmental event
    4. Dreinforcer
    5. Eprior occurence
    6. Fresponse
14. 14What is the theory of belongingness?
    1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end] as [blank_start]biological constraint[blank_end] on [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning
    2. certain [blank_start]responses[blank_end] naturally belong with certain [blank_start]reinforcers[blank_end] because of [blank_start]evolutionary history[blank_end]
    3. example: [blank_start]cats[blank_end] easier to train to manipulate [blank_start]environmental object[blank_end] to [blank_start]escape maze[blank_end] than [blank_start]yawn/scratch[blank_end]
    4. example: [blank_start]stickleback fish[blank_end] easier to train to [blank_start]bite stick[blank_end] to get to [blank_start]fight males[blank_end] than to [blank_start]mate females[blank_end]

    1. Athorndike
    2. Bbiological constraint
    3. Cinstrumental
    4. Dresponses
    5. Ereinforcers
    6. Fevolutionary history
    7. Gcats
    8. Henvironmental object
    9. Iescape maze
    10. Jyawn/scratch
    11. Kstickleback fish
    12. Lbite stick
    13. Mfight males
    14. Nmate females
15. 15How is instinctive drift a biological constraint on instrumental conditoning?
    1. Proposed = [blank_start]extra[blank_end] behaviors developed with [blank_start]food[blank_end] reinforcement [blank_start]instinctively[blank_end] performed with [blank_start]food[blank_end] = innate [blank_start]food[blank_end] response strong, compete with [blank_start]conditioning[blank_end]
    2. actually = [blank_start]interference[blank_end] by [blank_start]classical[blank_end] conditioning, due to [blank_start]stimulus substitution[blank_end]
    3. example: [blank_start]racoons[blank_end] [blank_start]rubbed coins[blank_end] together, [blank_start]pigs[blank_end] [blank_start]rooted[blank_end] = dramatic [blank_start]behavioral change[blank_end] over experiment

    1. Aextra
    2. Bfood
    3. Cinstinctively
    4. Dfood
    5. Efood
    6. Fconditioning
    7. Ginterference
    8. Hclassical
    9. Istimulus substitution
    10. Jraccoons
    11. Krubbed coins
    12. Lpigs
    13. Mrooted
    14. Nbehavioral change
16. 16How does motivational state factor into instrumental conditioning?
    1. [blank_start]Food[blank_end] reinforcement more [blank_start]effective[blank_end] for some [blank_start]behaviors[blank_end] than others
    2. [blank_start]food deprivation[blank_end] = [blank_start]low[blank_end] probability of [blank_start]self-care[blank_end], [blank_start]high[blank_end] probability of [blank_start]environment-directed[blank_end] activities

    1. AFood
    2. Beffective
    3. Cbehaviors
    4. Dfood deprivation
    5. Elow
    6. Fself-care
    7. Ghigh
    8. Henvironment-directed
17. 17What are the three types of reinforcers?
    1. [blank_start]primary[blank_end] = [blank_start]biologically[blank_end] relevant stimuli
    2. [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] = learned [blank_start]association[blank_end] with [blank_start]primary[blank_end] reinforcers
    3. [blank_start]social[blank_end] = [blank_start]social interaction[blank_end] with same species

    1. Aprimary
    2. Bbiologically
    3. Csecondary
    4. Dassociation
    5. Eprimary
    6. Fsocial
    7. Gsocial interaction
18. 18What is behavioral contrast?
    1. [blank_start]quality[blank_end]/[blank_start]quantity[blank_end] of reinforcer shapes [blank_start]behavioral effect[blank_end], based on [blank_start]reward history[blank_end] and [blank_start]expectation[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] = [blank_start]favorable[blank_end] reward looks [blank_start]good[blank_end] in contrast to previous [blank_start]worse[blank_end] reward
    3. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] = respond [blank_start]less[blank_end] to [blank_start]worse[blank_end] reward if previously experienced [blank_start]better[blank_end] reward compared to those with [blank_start]no experience[blank_end]
    4. explanations = [blank_start]emotion reactions[blank_end], [blank_start]frustration[blank_end] for [blank_start]negative[blank_end] behavioral contrast

    1. Aquality
    2. Bquantity
    3. Cbehavioral effect
    4. Dreward history
    5. Eexpectation
    6. Fpositive
    7. Gnegative
    8. Hfavorable
    9. Igood
    10. Jworse
    11. Kless
    12. Lworse
    13. Mbetter
    14. Nno experience
    15. Oemotional reactions
    16. Pfrustration
    17. Qnegative
19. 19What is temporal contiguity?
    1. [blank_start]Reinforcer[blank_end] present [blank_start]immediately after[blank_end] [blank_start]response[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]best[blank_end] learning, [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] with [blank_start]delay[blank_end]

    1. AReinforcer
    2. Bimmediately after
    3. Cresponse
    4. Dbest
    5. Edecreases
    6. Fdelay
20. 20How did skinner explain superstitious behavior?
    1. [blank_start]condition behavior[blank_end] in absense of [blank_start]positive contingency[blank_end] on [blank_start]FI[blank_end] schedule of reinforcement
    2. [blank_start]adventitious[blank_end] reinforcement = condition response [blank_start]just prior[blank_end] to reinforcer

    1. Apositive contingency
    2. BFI
    3. Ccondition behavior
    4. Dadventitious
    5. Ejust prior
21. 21What is continous reinforcement?
    1. Reinforce [blank_start]every response[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]steady[blank_end]/[blank_start]moderate[blank_end] rate
    3. fastest [blank_start]extinction[blank_end]

    1. Asteady
    2. Bmoderate
    3. Cextinction
    4. Devery response
22. 22What are ratio schedules?
    1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]number of responses[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]higher[blank_end] rate of response

    1. Apartial
    2. Bnumber of responses
    3. Chigher
23. 23What is a fixed ratio schedule?
    1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]set number of responses[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]post-reinforcement pause[blank_end] followed by [blank_start]ratio run[blank_end] ([blank_start]high[blank_end]/[blank_start]steady[blank_end] rate) = alter pause by [blank_start]lengthening ratio[blank_end]
    3. highly [blank_start]predictable[blank_end]

    1. Apartial
    2. Bset number of responses
    3. Cpost-reinforcement pause
    4. Dratio run
    5. Ehigh
    6. Fsteady
    7. Glengthening ratio
    8. Hpredictable
24. 24What is a variable ratio schedule?
    1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]varying[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]responses[blank_end]
    2. not [blank_start]predictable[blank_end] = respond at [blank_start]steady[blank_end] rate until [blank_start]reward[blank_end]
    3. most difficult to [blank_start]extinguish[blank_end]

    1. Apartial
    2. Bvarying
    3. Cresponses
    4. Dpredictable
    5. Esteady
    6. Freward
    7. Gextinguish
25. 25What are interval schedules?
    1. [blank_start]Partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforcer after certain amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end]

    1. APartial
    2. Btime
26. 26What is a fixed interval schedule?
    1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce if behavior occurs [blank_start]after[blank_end] [blank_start]set[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end]
    2. scallop shaped = low rate of behavior after reinforcement, high rater prior to reinforcement

    1. Apartial
    2. Bset
    3. Ctime
    4. Dafter
27. 27What is a variable interval schedule?
    1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforced if behavior occurs [blank_start]after[blank_end] [blank_start]changing[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]time after reinforcer[blank_end]
    2. rate = [blank_start]steady[blank_end]/[blank_start]stable[blank_end] without [blank_start]pause[blank_end]

    1. Apartial
    2. Bafter
    3. Cchanging
    4. Dtime after reinforcer
    5. Esteady
    6. Fstable
    7. Gpause
28. 28What are differential reinforcement schedules?
    1. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]low rates[blank_end] = reinforce only if responses [blank_start]separated by time interval[blank_end] = based on [blank_start]responses[blank_end], not [blank_start]prior reinforcement[blank_end] = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
    2. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]high rates[blank_end] = reinforce if [blank_start]less than[blank_end] certain amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end] since last [blank_start]behavior[blank_end]
    3. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]other behavior[blank_end] = reward if [blank_start]period elapses[blank_end] without performing [blank_start]specific behavior[blank_end], but reinforce [blank_start]other behaviors[blank_end]

    1. Alow rates
    2. Bseparated by time interval
    3. Cresponses
    4. Dprior reinforcement
    5. Edecrease
    6. Fhigh rates
    7. Gless than
    8. Htime
    9. Ibehavior
    10. Jother behavior
    11. Kperiod elapses
    12. Lspecific behavior
    13. Mother behaviors
29. 29What is the partial reinforcement effect?
    1. [blank_start]variable ratio[blank_end] schedule of reinforcement most difficult to [blank_start]extinguish[blank_end]
    2. the lower the [blank_start]percentage of reinforcement[blank_end], the [blank_start]longer[blank_end] subjects continue responding
    3. subjects have [blank_start]difficulty judging[blank_end] possibility of further [blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end]

    1. Avariable ratio
    2. Bextinguish
    3. Cpercentage of reinforcement
    4. Dlonger
    5. Edifficulty judging
    6. Freinforcement
30. 30What is extinction?
    1. when previously [blank_start]reinforced behaviors[blank_end] are no longer [blank_start]reinforced[blank_end]
    2. initial [blank_start]high response[blank_end] ([blank_start]escalation[blank_end]) -> [blank_start]stop[blank_end] ([blank_start]extinction burst[blank_end])
    3. shows [blank_start]spontaneous recovery[blank_end]

    1. Areinforced behaviors
    2. Breinforced
    3. Cescalation
    4. Dhigh response
    5. Estop
    6. Fextinction burst
    7. Gspontaneous recovery

Descripción

Test sobre Instrumental Conditioning, creado por Taylor Falcone el 19/03/2021.

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Taylor Falcone

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