Chemistry C1 Test

1. 1[blank_start]Atoms[blank_end] and [blank_start]elements[blank_end] are the building blocks of chemistry. [blank_start]Atoms[blank_end] contain [blank_start]protons[blank_end], [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] and [blank_start]electrons[blank_end]. When [blank_start]elements[blank_end] react they produce compounds.

   1. AAtoms
   2. Belements
   3. CAtoms
   4. Dprotons
   5. Eneutrons
   6. Felectrons
   7. Gelements
2. 2All [blank_start]substances[blank_end] are made of [blank_start]atoms[blank_end]. A [blank_start]substance[blank_end] that is made of only one sort of [blank_start]atom[blank_end] is called an [blank_start]element[blank_end]. There are about 100 different [blank_start]elements[blank_end]. [blank_start]Elements[blank_end] are shown in the [blank_start]periodic[blank_end] table. The [blank_start]groups[blank_end] contain elements with [blank_start]similar[blank_end] [blank_start]properties[blank_end].

   1. Asubstances
   2. Batoms
   3. Csubstance
   4. Datom
   5. Eelement
   6. Felements
   7. GElements
   8. Hperiodic
   9. Igroups
   10. Jsimilar
   11. Kproperties
3. 3Atoms of each element are [blank_start]represented[blank_end] by a chemical symbol, e.g. [blank_start]O[blank_end] represents an atom of oxygen and Na represents an atom of [blank_start]sodium[blank_end]

   1. Arepresented
   2. BO
   3. Csodium
4. 4Atoms have a small [blank_start]central[blank_end] [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end], which is made up of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] and [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] and around which there are [blank_start]electrons[blank_end].

   1. Acentral
   2. Bnucleus
   3. Cprotons
   4. Dneutrons
   5. Eelectrons
5. 5The relative [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] charges are:
   Proton = [blank_start]+1[blank_end]
   Neutron = [blank_start]0[blank_end]
   Electron = [blank_start]-1[blank_end]

   1. Aelectrical
   2. B+1
   3. C0
   4. D-1
6. 6In an atom, the number of [blank_start]electrons[blank_end] is equal to the number of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end]. Atoms have no overall [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] [blank_start]charge[blank_end].

   1. Aelectrons
   2. Bprotons
   3. Cnucleus
   4. Delectrical
   5. Echarge
7. 7The [blank_start]number[blank_end] of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] in an atom of an element is its [blank_start]atomic[blank_end] [blank_start]number[blank_end]. The sum of the [blank_start]protons[blank_end] and [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] in an atom is its mass number.

   1. Anumber
   2. Bprotons
   3. Catomic
   4. Dnumber
   5. Eprotons
   6. Fneutrons
8. 8Electrons occupy particular [blank_start]energy[blank_end] [blank_start]levels[blank_end]. Each [blank_start]electron[blank_end] in an atom is at a particular energy level (in a particular [blank_start]shell[blank_end]). The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available [blank_start]shell[blank_end].

   1. Aenergy
   2. Blevels
   3. Celectron
   4. Dshell
   5. Eshell
9. 9Elements in the same [blank_start]group[blank_end] in the periodic table have the same number of [blank_start]electrons[blank_end] in their highest energy level (outer [blank_start]shell[blank_end]) and this gives them similar [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] [blank_start]properties[blank_end].

   1. Agroup
   2. Belectrons
   3. Cshell
   4. Dchemical
   5. Eproperties
10. 10The elements in Group [blank_start]0[blank_end] of the periodic table are called the [blank_start]noble[blank_end] [blank_start]gases[blank_end]. They are [blank_start]unreactive[blank_end] because their atoms have [blank_start]stable[blank_end] [blank_start]arrangements[blank_end] of electrons. Noble gases have [blank_start]eight[blank_end] electrons in their [blank_start]outer energy level[blank_end], except for [blank_start]helium[blank_end] which only has two electrons.

    1. A0
    2. Bnoble
    3. Cgases
    4. Dunreactive
    5. Earrangements
    6. Fstable
    7. Geight
    8. Hshell
    9. Ihelium

11. 11When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form [blank_start]compounds[blank_end]. This involves [blank_start]giving[blank_end], [blank_start]taking[blank_end] or [blank_start]sharing[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]ions[blank_end] or [blank_start]molecules[blank_end]. Compounds formed from metals and non-metals consist of [blank_start]ions[blank_end]. Compounds formed from non-metals consist of [blank_start]molecules[blank_end]. In molecules the atoms are held together by [blank_start]covalent[blank_end] [blank_start]bonds[blank_end].

    1. Acompounds
    2. Bgiving
    3. Ctaking
    4. Dsharing
    5. Eions
    6. Fmolecules
    7. Gions
    8. Hmolecules
    9. Icovalent
    10. Jbonds
12. 12Metals [blank_start]lose[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]positive[blank_end] ions, whereas non-metals [blank_start]gain[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]negative[blank_end] ions.

    1. Alose
    2. Bpositive
    3. Cgain
    4. Dnegative
13. 13Chemical reactions can be represented by [blank_start]word[blank_end] equations or by [blank_start]symbol[blank_end] equations.

    1. Aword
    2. Bsymbol
14. 14No atoms are [blank_start]lost[blank_end] or [blank_start]made[blank_end] during a chemical [blank_start]reaction[blank_end] so the mass of the products [blank_start]equals[blank_end] the mass of the reactants.

    1. Alost
    2. Bmade
    3. Creaction
    4. Dequals
15. 15H - [blank_start]Hydrogen[blank_end]
    
    He - [blank_start]Helium[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]Li[blank_end] - Lithium
    
    Be- [blank_start]Beryllium[blank_end]
    
    B - [blank_start]Boron[blank_end]

    1. AHydrogen
    2. BHelium
    3. CLi
    4. DBeryllium
    5. EBoron
16. 16C - [blank_start]Carbon[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]N[blank_end] - Nitrogen
    
    O - [blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end]
    
    F - [blank_start]Fluorine[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]Ne[blank_end] - Neon

    1. ACarbon
    2. BN
    3. COxygen
    4. DFluorine
    5. ENe
17. 17[blank_start]Na[blank_end] - Sodium
    
    Mg - [blank_start]Magnesium[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]Al[blank_end] - Aluminium
    
    Si - [blank_start]Silicon[blank_end]
    
    P - [blank_start]Phosphorus[blank_end]
    
    

    1. ANa
    2. BMagnesium
    3. CAl
    4. DSilicon
    5. EPhosphorus
18. 18S - [blank_start]Sulfur[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]Cl[blank_end] - Chlorine
    
    Ar - [blank_start]Argon[blank_end]
    
    K - [blank_start]Potassium[blank_end]
    
    [blank_start]Ca[blank_end] - Calcium

    1. ASulfur
    2. BCl
    3. CArgon
    4. DPotassium
    5. ECa
19. 19Limestone, mainly composed of the compound [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]carbonate[blank_end] (CaCO3), is [blank_start]quarried[blank_end] and can be used as a [blank_start]building[blank_end] material.

    1. Acalcium
    2. Bcarbonate
    3. Cquarried
    4. Dbuilding
20. 20Calcium carbonate can be [blank_start]decomposed[blank_end] by [blank_start]heating[blank_end] ([blank_start]thermal[blank_end] [blank_start]decomposition[blank_end]) to make [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]oxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end].

    1. Adecomposed
    2. Bheating
    3. Cthermal
    4. Ddecomposition
    5. Ecalcium
    6. Foxide
    7. Gcarbon
    8. Hdioxide
21. 21The [blank_start]carbonates[blank_end] of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium [blank_start]decompose[blank_end] on heating in a similar way, but the carbonates of group [blank_start]1[blank_end] metals may not do so at the temperature of a [blank_start]Bunsen[blank_end] flame.

    1. Acarbonates
    2. Bdecompose
    3. C1
    4. DBunsen
22. 22Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium [blank_start]hydroxide[blank_end], which is an [blank_start]alkali[blank_end] that can be used in the [blank_start]neutralisation[blank_end] of acids.

    1. Ahydroxide
    2. Balkali
    3. Cneutralisation
23. 23A solution of calcium hydroxide in water ([blank_start]limewater[blank_end]) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]carbonate[blank_end]. Limewater is used as a test for [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end]. Carbon dioxide turns limewater [blank_start]cloudy[blank_end].

    1. Alimewater
    2. Bcalcium
    3. Ccarbonate
    4. Dcloudy
    5. Ecarbon
    6. Fdioxide
24. 24Rocks provide essential [blank_start]building[blank_end] [blank_start]materials[blank_end]. Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that provides a starting point for the manufacture of [blank_start]cement[blank_end] and [blank_start]concrete[blank_end].

    1. Abuilding
    2. Bmaterials
    3. Ccement
    4. Dconcrete
25. 25Carbonates react with acids to produce [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], a [blank_start]salt[blank_end] and [blank_start]water[blank_end]. Limestone is damaged by [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]rain[blank_end].

    1. Acarbon
    2. Bdioxide
    3. Csalt
    4. Dwater
    5. Eacid
    6. Frain
26. 26Limestone is heated with [blank_start]clay[blank_end] to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make [blank_start]mortar[blank_end] and with sand and [blank_start]aggregate[blank_end] to make [blank_start]concrete[blank_end].

    1. Aclay
    2. Bmortar
    3. Caggregate
    4. Dconcrete
27. 27Metals are very useful in our everyday lives. Ores are naturally occurring [blank_start]rocks[blank_end] that provide an [blank_start]economic[blank_end] starting point for the [blank_start]manufacture[blank_end] of metals. Iron ore is used to make [blank_start]iron[blank_end] and [blank_start]steel[blank_end]. Copper can be easily [blank_start]extracted[blank_end] but copper-rich ores are becoming scarce so new methods of [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] copper are being developed. [blank_start]Aluminium[blank_end] and [blank_start]titanium[blank_end] are useful metals but are expensive to produce. Metals can be mixed together to make [blank_start]alloys[blank_end].

    1. Arocks
    2. Beconomic
    3. Cmanufacture
    4. Diron
    5. Esteel
    6. Fextracted
    7. Gextracting
    8. HAluminium
    9. Ititanium
    10. Jalloys
28. 28Ores contain enough metal to make it [blank_start]economically[blank_end] [blank_start]viable[blank_end] to extract the metal. The economics of [blank_start]extraction[blank_end] may change over time.

    1. Aeconomically
    2. Bviable
    3. Cextraction
29. 29Ores are mined and may be concentrated before the metal is [blank_start]extracted[blank_end] and [blank_start]purified[blank_end].

    1. Aextracted
    2. Bpurified
30. 30Unreactive metals such as gold are found in the Earth as the metal itself but most metals are found as [blank_start]compounds[blank_end] that require [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] [blank_start]reactions[blank_end] to [blank_start]extract[blank_end] the metal.

    1. Acompounds
    2. Bchemical
    3. Creactions
    4. Dextract
31. 31Metals that are [blank_start]less[blank_end] reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by [blank_start]reduction[blank_end] with carbon, for example iron oxide is reduced in the [blank_start]blast[blank_end] [blank_start]furnace[blank_end] to make iron.

    1. Aless
    2. Breduction
    3. Cblast
    4. Dfurnace
32. 32Metals that are [blank_start]more[blank_end] reactive than [blank_start]carbon[blank_end], such as [blank_start]aluminium[blank_end], are extracted by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end] of molten compounds. The use of [blank_start]large[blank_end] amounts of energy in the [blank_start]extraction[blank_end] of these metals makes them [blank_start]expensive[blank_end].

    1. Amore
    2. Bcarbon
    3. Caluminium
    4. Delectrolysis
    5. Elarge
    6. Fextraction
    7. Gexpensive
33. 33Copper can be extracted from copper-rich ores by heating the ores in a furnace ([blank_start]smelting[blank_end]). The copper can be purified by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end]. The supply of copper-rich ores is limited. Copper-rich ores are being depleted and traditional mining and extraction have major [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] impacts.

    1. Asmelting
    2. Belectrolysis
    3. Cenvironmental
34. 34New ways of [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] copper from low-grade ores are being researched to limit the [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] impact of traditional mining.
    Copper can be extracted by [blank_start]phytomining[blank_end], or by [blank_start]bioleaching[blank_end]. [blank_start]Phytomining[blank_end] uses plants to [blank_start]absorb[blank_end] metal compounds and that the plants are [blank_start]burned[blank_end] to produce ash that contains the [blank_start]metal[blank_end] compounds. [blank_start]Bioleaching[blank_end] uses [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] to produce [blank_start]leachate[blank_end] solutions that contain metal compounds.

    1. Aextracting
    2. Benvironmental
    3. Cphytomining
    4. Dbioleaching
    5. EPhytomining
    6. Fabsorb
    7. Gburned
    8. Hmetal
    9. IBioleaching
    10. Jbacteria
    11. Kleachate
35. 35Copper can be obtained from solutions of copper salts by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end] or by [blank_start]displacement[blank_end] using [blank_start]scrap[blank_end] [blank_start]iron[blank_end].

    1. Aelectrolysis
    2. Bdisplacement
    3. Cscrap
    4. Diron
36. 36Aluminium and titanium cannot be extracted from their oxides by [blank_start]reduction[blank_end] with carbon. Current methods of extraction are expensive because a) there are many [blank_start]stages[blank_end] in the [blank_start]processes[blank_end] b) [blank_start]large[blank_end] [blank_start]amounts[blank_end] of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] are [blank_start]needed[blank_end].

    1. Areduction
    2. Bstages
    3. Cprocesses
    4. Dlarge
    5. Eamounts
    6. Fenergy
    7. Gneeded
37. 37We should recycle metals because [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] them uses [blank_start]limited[blank_end] resources and is [blank_start]expensive[blank_end] in terms of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] and effects on the [blank_start]environment[blank_end].

    1. Aextracting
    2. Blimited
    3. Cexpensive
    4. Denergy
    5. Eenvironment
38. 38Iron from the [blank_start]blast[blank_end] [blank_start]furnace[blank_end] contains about 96% iron. The impurities make it [blank_start]brittle[blank_end] and so it has [blank_start]limited[blank_end] uses.

    1. Ablast
    2. Bfurnace
    3. Cbrittle
    4. Dlimited
39. 39Most iron is converted into steels. Steels are [blank_start]alloys[blank_end] since they are mixtures of iron with [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]. Some steels contain other metals. [blank_start]Alloys[blank_end] can be designed to have properties for [blank_start]specific[blank_end] uses. [blank_start]Low[blank_end]-carbon steels are easily shaped, [blank_start]high[blank_end]-carbon steels are hard, and [blank_start]stainless[blank_end] steels are resistant to corrosion.

    1. Aalloys
    2. Bcarbon
    3. CAlloys
    4. Dspecific
    5. ELow
    6. Fhigh
    7. Gstainless
40. 40Most metals in everyday use are [blank_start]alloys[blank_end]. Pure copper, gold, iron and aluminium are too soft for many uses and so are mixed with small amounts of similar [blank_start]metals[blank_end] to make them [blank_start]harder[blank_end] for everyday use.

    1. Aalloys
    2. Bmetals
    3. Charder
41. 41The elements in the central block of the periodic table are known as [blank_start]transition[blank_end] metals. Like other metals they are good [blank_start]conductors[blank_end] of heat and electricity and can be [blank_start]bent[blank_end] or hammered into shape. They are useful as [blank_start]structural[blank_end] materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through easily.

    1. Atransition
    2. Bconductors
    3. Cbent
    4. Dstructural
42. 42Copper has properties that make it useful for [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] [blank_start]wiring[blank_end] and [blank_start]plumbing[blank_end]. You should know and understand that copper is a [blank_start]good[blank_end] conductor of electricity and [blank_start]heat[blank_end], can be bent but is hard enough to be used to make [blank_start]pipes[blank_end] or [blank_start]tanks[blank_end], does not [blank_start]react[blank_end] with water.

    1. Aelectrical
    2. Bwiring
    3. Cplumbing
    4. Dgood
    5. Eheat
    6. Fpipes
    7. Gtanks
    8. Hreact
43. 43[blank_start]Low[blank_end] density and [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] to [blank_start]corrosion[blank_end] make aluminium and titanium useful metals.

    1. Aresistance
    2. Bcorrosion
    3. CLow
44. 44Crude oil is derived from an ancient [blank_start]biomass[blank_end] found in [blank_start]rocks[blank_end]. Many useful materials can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil can be [blank_start]fractionally[blank_end] [blank_start]distilled[blank_end]. Some of the [blank_start]fractions[blank_end] can be used as [blank_start]fuels[blank_end]. [blank_start]Biofuels[blank_end] are produced from plant material. There are advantages and disadvantages to their use as fuels. Fuels can come from [blank_start]renewable[blank_end] or [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]renewable[blank_end] resources.

    1. Abiomass
    2. Brocks
    3. Cfractionally
    4. Ddistilled
    5. Efuels
    6. Ffractions
    7. GBiofuels
    8. Hrenewable
    9. Inon
    10. Jrenewable
45. 45Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of [blank_start]compounds[blank_end].

    1. Acompounds
46. 46A mixture consists of two or more [blank_start]elements[blank_end] or [blank_start]compounds[blank_end] not chemically [blank_start]combined[blank_end] together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are [blank_start]unchanged[blank_end]. It is possible to [blank_start]separate[blank_end] the substances in a mixture by physical methods including [blank_start]distillation[blank_end].

    1. Acompounds
    2. Belements
    3. Ccombined
    4. Dunchanged
    5. Eseparate
    6. Fdistillation
47. 47Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only ([blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end]). Most of these are [blank_start]saturated[blank_end] [blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end] called [blank_start]alkanes[blank_end], which have the general formula [blank_start]C2H2n+2[blank_end]

    1. Ahydrocarbons
    2. Bsaturated
    3. Chydrocarbons
    4. Dalkanes
    5. EC2H2n+2
48. 48[blank_start]Alkane[blank_end] molecules can be represented in the following forms: [blank_start]C2H6[blank_end]
    
    H H
    I I
    H---C---C---H
    I I
    H H

    1. AC2H6
    2. BAlkane
49. 49The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into [blank_start]fractions[blank_end], each of which contains molecules with a similar number of [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]atoms[blank_end], by [blank_start]evaporating[blank_end] the oil and allowing it to [blank_start]condense[blank_end] at a number of different temperatures. This process is [blank_start]fractional[blank_end] [blank_start]distillation[blank_end].

    1. Acarbon
    2. Batoms
    3. Cevaporating
    4. Dcondense
    5. Efractional
    6. Fdistillation
    7. Gfractions
50. 50Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the [blank_start]size[blank_end] of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.

    1. Asize
51. 51Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulphur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], [blank_start]water[blank_end] (vapour), [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]monoxide[blank_end], [blank_start]sulphur[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] and oxides of [blank_start]nitrogen[blank_end]. Solid particles ([blank_start]particulates[blank_end]) may also be released.

    1. Acarbon
    2. Bdioxide
    3. Cwater
    4. Dcarbon
    5. Emonoxide
    6. Fsulphur
    7. Gdioxide
    8. Hnitrogen
    9. Iparticulates
52. 52The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases [blank_start]energy[blank_end]. During [blank_start]combustion[blank_end] the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are [blank_start]oxides[blank_end].

    1. Aenergy
    2. Bcombustion
    3. Coxidised
53. 53Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]rain[blank_end], carbon dioxide causes [blank_start]global[blank_end] [blank_start]warming[blank_end], and solid particles (particulates) cause [blank_start]global[blank_end] [blank_start]dimming[blank_end].

    1. Aacid
    2. Brain
    3. Cglobal
    4. Dwarming
    5. Eglobal
    6. Fdimming
54. 54Sulphur can be [blank_start]removed[blank_end] from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulphur dioxide can be removed from the [blank_start]waste[blank_end] gases after [blank_start]combustion[blank_end], for example in [blank_start]power[blank_end] [blank_start]stations[blank_end].

    1. Aremoved
    2. Bwaste
    3. Ccombustion
    4. Dpower
    5. Estations
55. 55Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from [blank_start]plant[blank_end] [blank_start]material[blank_end]. There are [blank_start]economic[blank_end], [blank_start]ethical[blank_end] and [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] issues surrounding their use.

    1. Aplant
    2. Bmaterial
    3. Ceconomic
    4. Dethical
    5. Eenvironmental
56. 56Fractions from the distillation of crude oil can be broken down ([blank_start]cracked[blank_end]) to make smaller molecules including [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons such as [blank_start]ethene[blank_end]. [blank_start]Unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons can be used to make [blank_start]polymers[blank_end] and ethene an be used to make [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end]. Ethanol can also be made by [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end].

    1. Acracked
    2. Bunsaturated
    3. Cethene
    4. DUnsaturated
    5. Epolymers
    6. Fethanol
    7. Gfermentation
57. 57Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules. This process involves [blank_start]heating[blank_end] the hydrocarbons to [blank_start]vaporise[blank_end] them. The [blank_start]vapours[blank_end] are either passed over a hot [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end] or mixed with [blank_start]steam[blank_end] and heated to a [blank_start]very[blank_end] [blank_start]high[blank_end] [blank_start]temperature[blank_end] so that [blank_start]thermal[blank_end] [blank_start]decompositions[blank_end] reactions then occur.

    1. Aheating
    2. Bvaporise
    3. Cvapours
    4. Dcatalyst
    5. Esteam
    6. Fvery
    7. Ghigh
    8. Htemperature
    9. Ithermal
    10. Jdecompositions
58. 58The products of cracking include alkanes and [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons called [blank_start]alkenes[blank_end]. [blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] have the general formula [blank_start]CnH2n[blank_end].

    1. Aunsaturated
    2. Balkenes
    3. CAlkenes
    4. DCnH2n
59. 59Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules can be represented in the following forms:
    [blank_start]C3H6[blank_end]
    H H H
    I I I
    H - C - C = C
    I I
    H H

    1. AC3H6
60. 60[blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] react with bromine water, turning it from [blank_start]orange[blank_end] to [blank_start]colourless[blank_end]

    1. AAlkenes
    2. Bcolourless
    3. Corange
61. 61Some of the products of [blank_start]cracking[blank_end] are useful as [blank_start]fuels[blank_end].

    1. Acracking
    2. Bfuels
62. 62Alkenes can be used to make polymers such as poly([blank_start]ethene[blank_end]) and poly([blank_start]propene[blank_end]). In these reactions, many small molecules ([blank_start]monomers[blank_end]) join together to form very large molecules ([blank_start]polymers[blank_end]).
    
    
    

    

    1. Aethene
    2. Bpropene
    3. Cmonomers
    4. Dpolymers
63. 63[blank_start]Polymers[blank_end] have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example: new packaging materials, waterproof coatings for fabrics, dental polymers, wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials (including shape memory [blank_start]polymers[blank_end]).

    1. Apolymers
    2. BPolymers
64. 64Many polymers are not [blank_start]biodegradable[blank_end], so they are not broken down by [blank_start]microbes[blank_end] and this can lead to problems with waste disposal.

    1. Abiodegradable
    2. Bmicrobes
65. 65Plastic bags are being made from [blank_start]polymers[blank_end] and cornstarch so that they break down more easily. [blank_start]Biodegradable[blank_end] plastics made from [blank_start]cornstarch[blank_end] have been developed.

    1. Apolymers
    2. BBiodegradable
    3. Ccornstarch
66. 66Ethanol can be produced by [blank_start]hydration[blank_end] of [blank_start]ethene[blank_end] with [blank_start]steam[blank_end] in the presence of a [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end].

    1. Ahydration
    2. Bethene
    3. Csteam
    4. Dcatalyst
67. 67Ethanol can also be produced by [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] with [blank_start]yeast[blank_end], using renewable resources. This can be represented by:
    
    [blank_start]Sugar[blank_end]--> [blank_start]Carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] + [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end]

    1. Afermentation
    2. Byeast
    3. CSugar
    4. DCarbon
    5. Edioxide
    6. Fethanol
68. 68Many plants produce useful oils that can be converted into consumer products including processed foods. [blank_start]Emulsions[blank_end] can be made and have a number of uses. Vegetable oils can be [blank_start]hardened[blank_end] to make margarine. [blank_start]Biodiesel[blank_end] fuel can be produced from [blank_start]vegetable[blank_end] [blank_start]oils[blank_end].

    1. AEmulsions
    2. Bhardened
    3. CBiodiesel
    4. Dvegetable
    5. Eoils
69. 69Some fruits, seeds and nuts are rich in oils that can be [blank_start]extracted[blank_end]. The plant material is [blank_start]crushed[blank_end] and the oil removed by [blank_start]pressing[blank_end] or in some cases by [blank_start]distillation[blank_end]. Water and other [blank_start]impurities[blank_end] are removed.

    1. Aextracted
    2. Bcrushed
    3. Cpressing
    4. Ddistillation
    5. Eimpurities
70. 70Vegetable oils are important foods and fuels as they provide a lot of [blank_start]energy[blank_end]. They also provide us with [blank_start]nutrients[blank_end].

    1. Aenergy
    2. Bnutrients
71. 71Vegetable oils have [blank_start]higher[blank_end] [blank_start]boiling[blank_end] [blank_start]points[blank_end] than water and so can be used to [blank_start]food[blank_end] foods at [blank_start]higher[blank_end] [blank_start]temperatures[blank_end] than by [blank_start]boiling[blank_end], This produces quicker cooking and different flavours but increases the energy that the food [blank_start]releases[blank_end] when it is eaten.

    1. Aboiling
    2. Bpoints
    3. Chigher
    4. Dcook
    5. Ehigher
    6. Ftemperatures
    7. Gboiling
    8. Hreleases
72. 72Oils do not [blank_start]dissolve[blank_end] in water. They can be used to produce [blank_start]emulsions[blank_end]. [blank_start]Emulsions[blank_end] are thicker than oil or water and have many uses that depend on their special [blank_start]properties[blank_end]. They provide better texture, coating ability and appearance, for example in salad dressings, ice creams, cosmetics and paints. [blank_start]Emulsifiers[blank_end] have [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end] and [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] properties.

    1. Adissolve
    2. Bemulsions
    3. CEmulsions
    4. Dproperties
    5. EEmulsifiers
    6. Fhydrophilic
    7. Ghydrophobic
73. 73Vegetable oils that are [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] contain [blank_start]double[blank_end] [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]-[blank_start]carbon[blank_end] bonds. These can be detected by reacting with [blank_start]bromine[blank_end] water.

    1. Aunsaturated
    2. Bdouble
    3. Ccarbon
    4. Dcarbon
    5. Ebromine
74. 74Vegetable oils that are unsaturated can be [blank_start]hardened[blank_end] by reacting them with [blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end] in the presence of a [blank_start]nickel[blank_end] [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end] at about [blank_start]60[blank_end] degrees C. [blank_start]Hydrogen[blank_end] adds to the [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]-[blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]double[blank_end] [blank_start]bonds[blank_end]. The [blank_start]hydrogenated[blank_end] oils have higher melting points so they are solids at room temperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries.

    1. Ahardened
    2. Bhydrogen
    3. Cnickel
    4. Dcatalyst
    5. E60
    6. FHydrogen
    7. Gcarbon
    8. Hcarbon
    9. Idouble
    10. Jbonds
    11. Khydrogenated
75. 75The Earth and its atmosphere provide everything we need. The Earth has a [blank_start]layered[blank_end] [blank_start]structure[blank_end]. The surface of the Earth and its atmosphere has [blank_start]changed[blank_end] since the Earth was formed and is still [blank_start]changing[blank_end]. The atmosphere has been much the same for the last 200 million years and provides the conditions needed for [blank_start]life[blank_end] on Earth. Recently human activities have resulted in further [blank_start]changes[blank_end] in the atmosphere. There is more than one [blank_start]theory[blank_end] about how life was formed.

    1. Alayered
    2. Bstructure
    3. Cchanged
    4. Dchanging
    5. Elife
    6. Fchanges
    7. Gtheory
76. 76The Earth consists of a [blank_start]core[blank_end], [blank_start]mantle[blank_end] and [blank_start]crust[blank_end], and is surrounded by the [blank_start]atmosphere[blank_end].

    1. Acore
    2. Bmantle
    3. Ccrust
    4. Datmosphere
77. 77The Earth's [blank_start]crust[blank_end] and the [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]part[blank_end] of the [blank_start]mantle[blank_end] are cracked into a number of large pieces ([blank_start]tectonic[blank_end] [blank_start]plates[blank_end]).

    1. Atectonic
    2. Bplates
    3. Ccrust
    4. Dmantle
    5. Eupper
    6. Fpart
78. 78[blank_start]Convection[blank_end] [blank_start]currents[blank_end] within the Earth's mantle driven by [blank_start]heat[blank_end] released by natural [blank_start]radioactive[blank_end] processes cause the [blank_start]plates[blank_end] to [blank_start]move[blank_end] at relative speeds of a few centimetres per year.

    1. AConvection
    2. Bcurrents
    3. Cheat
    4. Dradioactive
    5. Eplates
    6. Fmove
79. 79The movements can be sudden and disastrous. [blank_start]Earthquakes[blank_end] and / or [blank_start]volcanic[blank_end] [blank_start]eruptions[blank_end] occur at the [blank_start]boundaries[blank_end] between [blank_start]tectonic[blank_end] plates.

    1. AEarthquakes
    2. Bvolcanic
    3. Ceruptions
    4. Dboundaries
    5. Etectonic
80. 80For 200 million years, the proportions of different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as they are today:
    - about [blank_start]four[blank_end] [blank_start]fifths[blank_end] ([blank_start]80[blank_end]%) nitrogen
    - about [blank_start]one[blank_end] [blank_start]fifth[blank_end] ([blank_start]20[blank_end]%) oxygen
    - small proportions of various other gases, including [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] and [blank_start]noble[blank_end] gases

    1. Afour
    2. Bfifths
    3. C80
    4. Done
    5. Efifth
    6. F20
    7. Gcarbon
    8. Hdioxide
    9. Iwater
    10. Jvapour
    11. Knoble
81. 81During the first billion years of the Earth's existence there was intense [blank_start]volcanic[blank_end] activity. This activity released the [blank_start]gases[blank_end] that formed the early [blank_start]atmosphere[blank_end] anew [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] that [blank_start]condensed[blank_end] to form the [blank_start]oceans[blank_end].

    1. Avolcanic
    2. Bgases
    3. Catmosphere
    4. Dwater
    5. Evapour
    6. Fcondensed
    7. Goceans
82. 82There are several theories about how the atmosphere was formed. One theory suggests that during this period the Earth's atmosphere was mainly [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] and there would have been little or no [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] gas (like the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today). There may also have been [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] and small proportions of [blank_start]methane[blank_end] and ammonia.

    1. Acarbon
    2. Bdioxide
    3. Coxygen
    4. Dwater
    5. Evapour
    6. Fmethane
83. 83There are many theories as to how life was formed billions of years ago. There was only one theory as to how life was formed which involved the [blank_start]interaction[blank_end] between [blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end], [blank_start]ammonia[blank_end] and [blank_start]lightning[blank_end] which was the [blank_start]Miller[blank_end]-[blank_start]Urey[blank_end] [blank_start]Experiment[blank_end].

    1. Ainteraction
    2. Bhydrocarbons
    3. Cammonia
    4. Dlightning
    5. EMiller
    6. FUrey
    7. GExperiment
84. 84[blank_start]Plants[blank_end] and [blank_start]algae[blank_end] produced the [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] that is now in the atmosphere.

    1. APlants
    2. Balgae
    3. Coxygen
85. 85Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the air gradually became locked up in [blank_start]sedimentary[blank_end] [blank_start]rocks[blank_end] as [blank_start]carbonates[blank_end] and [blank_start]fossil[blank_end] [blank_start]fuels[blank_end].

    1. Asedimentary
    2. Brocks
    3. Ccarbonates
    4. Dfossil
    5. Efuels
86. 86The oceans also act as a [blank_start]reservoir[blank_end] for [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] but increased amounts of carbon dioxide [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] by the [blank_start]oceans[blank_end] has an impact on the [blank_start]marine[blank_end] [blank_start]environment[blank_end].

    1. Areservoir
    2. Bcarbon
    3. Cdioxide
    4. Dabsorbed
    5. Eoceans
    6. Fmarine
    7. Genvironment
87. 87Nowadays the release of carbon dioxide by [blank_start]burning[blank_end] fossil fuels [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

    1. Aincreases
    2. Bburning
88. 88Air is a [blank_start]mixture[blank_end] of gases with [blank_start]different[blank_end] [blank_start]boiling[blank_end] [blank_start]points[blank_end] and can be [blank_start]fractionally[blank_end] [blank_start]distilled[blank_end] to provide a source of [blank_start]raw[blank_end] [blank_start]materials[blank_end] used in a variety of [blank_start]industrial[blank_end] processes.

    1. Amixture
    2. Bdifferent
    3. Cboiling
    4. Dpoints
    5. Efractionally
    6. Fdistilled
    7. Graw
    8. Hmaterials
    9. Iindustrial

Descripción

Test sobre Chemistry C1 Test, creado por Georgina Parker el 26/11/2015.

Autor

Georgina Parker

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