Test
ENVE 432
Este test tiene tipos de pregunta que se abren en el reproductor de siempre.
Preguntas del test (60)
1What are the major land uses:
- AUrban
- BIndustrial
- CAgricultural
- DSwamp
- EForest
- FGrassland
2Describe factors influencing land use change:
Moving from pre [blank_start]settlement[blank_end] to [blank_start]intensive[blank_end] – initially only needed to clear and change land for [blank_start]subsistence[blank_end] and small farms, but now need land for more intensive agriculture and [blank_start]urban[blank_end] areas. Also some areas are becoming protected- Asettlement
- Bintensive
- Csubsistence
- Durban
3soil health/quality:
The continued [blank_start]capacity[blank_end] of the soil to function as a vital living [blank_start]ecosystem[blank_end] that sustains [blank_start]organisms[blank_end].- Acapacity
- Becosystem
- Corganisms
4What are the 5 key functions of soil:
- ARegulate water
- Btransport water
- Ccreate life
- Dsustain life
- Efilter pollutants
- Fcycle nutrients
- Gphysical stability
5What are some evaluating methods of soil health?
- Awater capacity
- Bdensity
- C# earthworms
- Dair content
- Eorganic carbon
- Fconductivity
- GpH
- Hstability
6How much organic content does a mineral soil have
- Aless than 20 %
- Bless than 17 %
- Cless than 15 %
7Land Degradation – reduction of [blank_start]capacity[blank_end] to provide [blank_start]ecosystem[blank_end] goods and services and function over a period of time for [blank_start]beneficiaries[blank_end]
- Acapacity
- Becosystem
- Cbeneficiaries
8[blank_start]Favoured[blank_end]: No limitations to use, soil fertility maintained and output controlled by inputs
[blank_start]Fragile land[blank_end]: sensitive to degredation. Low fertility, low land use options
[blank_start]Degraded[blank_end]: loss of all productive capacity
[blank_start]Marginal[blank_end]: Increased inputs return only marginal outputs, poorer soil conditions. Risk of irreversible degredation- AFavoured
- BFragile land
- CDegraded
- DMarginal
9Be able to define what is ‘soil’
[blank_start]Natural[blank_end] body consisting of [blank_start]layers[blank_end] composed of [blank_start]minerals[blank_end] and organic matter that [blank_start]differ[blank_end] from the parent material- ANatural
- Bminerals
- Cdiffer
- Dlayers
10List 7 soil forming factors;
C[blank_start]limate[blank_end]
O[blank_start]rganisms[blank_end]
P[blank_start]arent Material[blank_end]
T[blank_start]opography[blank_end]
D[blank_start]rainage[blank_end]
H[blank_start]umans[blank_end]
T[blank_start]ime[blank_end]- Alimate
- Brganisms
- Carent Material
- Dopography
- Erainage
- Fumans
- Gime
11• Be able to define A, B, and C soil horizons;
A: [blank_start]biological activity dark in colour[blank_end]
B: [blank_start]Leachate from A horizon developstructure[blank_end]
C: [blank_start]Unconsolidated parent material[blank_end]- AUnconsolidated parent material
- BLeachate from A horizon developstructure
- Cbiological activity dark in colour
12[blank_start]Ah[blank_end] = humus layer (enriched in organics)
[blank_start]Ae[blank_end] = eluviation (leaching)
[blank_start]Bn[blank_end] = columnar structure (high amounts of Na)
[blank_start]Bm[blank_end] = altered by chemical process and results in change of colour
[blank_start]Bt[blank_end] = illuviation (over an Ae horizon)
[blank_start]S[blank_end] = salts as visible crusts
[blank_start]Ca[blank_end] = higher presence of carbonates
[blank_start]g[blank_end] = gleying – greyish colour indicating reduced conditions
[blank_start]Ap[blank_end] = disturbed by humans
[blank_start]Sa[blank_end] = more salts that parent material
[blank_start]K[blank_end] =presence of carbonates- AAh
- BAe
- CBn
- DBm
- EBt
- FS
- GCa
- Hg
- IAp
- JSa
- KK
13[blank_start]Luvisolic[blank_end] = darked B horizon due to leaching, typically in forested areas
[blank_start]Solonetzic[blank_end] = may have a higher hardpan and a columnar structure, formed under high swell and dispersion of clay that leaches down
[blank_start]Regesol[blank_end] = hard to differentiate soil horizons, young soil
[blank_start]Chernozem[blank_end] = dark A horizon, formed under grasslands- AChernozem
- BRegesol
- CSolonetzic
- DLuvisolic
14[blank_start]Splash[blank_end]: surface impact by raindrops detaches aggregates – first stage
[blank_start]Rill[blank_end]: Concentration of flow into small channels, carries and detaches soil
[blank_start]Tunnel[blank_end]: Subsurface erosion in dispersive ( piping) soils
[blank_start]Sheet[blank_end]: first few meters of flow, only transports (no detachment)
[blank_start]Gully[blank_end]: large rills with side wall collapse and slumping, fast water- ASplash
- BRill
- CTunnel
- DSheet
- EGully
15[blank_start]Erodibility[blank_end]: Resistance – texture, OM, Structure
[blank_start]Erosivity[blank_end]: energy – size, intensity, duration, infiltration etc
[blank_start]Protection[blank_end]: Reduce energy – vegetation, slopes, land use, erosion control- AErodibility
- BErosivity
- CProtection
16Know advantages and limitations of USLE;
It is a strictly [blank_start]empirical[blank_end] equation, performed in one area and [blank_start]adapted[blank_end] to others
Used as an average, not for [blank_start]single[blank_end] events. Used for [blank_start]sheet[blank_end] and [blank_start]rill[blank_end] erosion
Not good for [blank_start]frozen[blank_end] soils or concentrated [blank_start]flow[blank_end] (gullies, streams)- Aempirical
- Badapted
- Csingle
- Dsheet
- Erill
- Ffrozen
- Gflow
17Know expected erosion levels for different conditions;
< [blank_start]6[blank_end] Mg/ha/year = tolerable
[blank_start]6[blank_end]-11 = max loss for humid soils
11-[blank_start]22[blank_end] = small rills, erosion control may be req
[blank_start]22[blank_end]-[blank_start]33[blank_end] = large rills, plant problems
> [blank_start]33[blank_end] = gullies- A6
- B6
- C22
- D22
- E33
- F33
18Define Soil Tolerance and give values for different conditions
Soil tolerance is the [blank_start]acceptable[blank_end] level of erosion for a [blank_start]given[blank_end] site. It may also be site [blank_start]specific[blank_end], ie: construction upstream of a lake that services nearby homes = little tolerance.- Aacceptable
- Bgiven
- Cspecific
19Which are the possibilities for soil detachment?
- AFreeze/thaw
- BWater
- CDrying/rewetting (shrink swell)
- Dtillage
- Ecompaction
20Which particle is most susceptible to erosion
- Asilt
- Bsand
- Cclay
21What can land degradation include:
- AErosion
- BPhysical
- CChemical
- DBiological
- EWater
- FWind
- GAir
22The most common type of erosion is:
- AWater
- BWind
- CPhysical
- DChemical
23A=RKLSCP Where
[blank_start]K[blank_end]: Soil erodibility factor (Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1)
[blank_start]L[blank_end]: Slope length factor
[blank_start]S[blank_end]: Slope steepness factor
[blank_start]A[blank_end]: Computed soil loss, tonnes ha-1 yr-1
[blank_start]R[blank_end]: Rainfall factor (MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1)
[blank_start]C[blank_end]: vegetative or residue factor
[blank_start]P[blank_end]: erosion control practices- AK
- BL
- CS
- DA
- ER
- FC
- GP
24R: Rainfall Erosivity Factor
(MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1)
• Is related to [blank_start]kinetic[blank_end] energy of rainfall and runoff
• the product of total storm [blank_start]energy[blank_end] (E) and the maximum 30 min [blank_start]intensity[blank_end] (I30)
• summation of all the storms for a [blank_start]year[blank_end]
• average of at least [blank_start]22[blank_end] years of data- Akinetic
- Benergy
- Cintensity
- Dyear
- E22
25One of the factors affecting R is:
- AHigher infiltration in the summer from dry conditions
- BLess movement offsite in the spring since little water
- CLow detachment in thawing in winter
26The K factor, or soil erodibility, is a function of:
- AThe soil structure, organics, and permeability
- BType of parent material
- CAll of the above
- DEnergy required to break particles
27The LS factor is based on:
- AA) The side and length of the slope only
- BB) Slope length, steepness, and shape (concave, convex)
- CC) A ratio to the standard 22m by 9% plot
- DB AND C
28The cover factor, C, accounts for:
- APlants
- BResidues
- CSoil structure
- DOrganics
- ERoughness
- FSeasons
29The P factor:
- AIs 1 if no practices in place
- BLess than one with erosion control
- CBoth are correct
30Why do we not want sediment transport
- AToxic chemicals transport
- BHave to dredge
- CAffects birds
- DAffects fish
- EInterfere with water for humans
31Methods of erosion control include:
T[blank_start]opsoiling[blank_end]
S[blank_start]eeding[blank_end]
M[blank_start]ulching[blank_end]
So[blank_start]dding[blank_end]
P[blank_start]olyacrylamide[blank_end]- Adding
- Bulching
- Ceeding
- Dopsoiling
- Eolyacrylamide
32RECP stands for [blank_start]Rolled[blank_end] [blank_start]Erosion[blank_end] [blank_start]Control[blank_end] [blank_start]Blankets[blank_end]
- ARolled
- BErosion
- CControl
- DBlankets
33What are straw bales used for:
- AErosion Control
- BSediment Control
34Which of the following are RECP products:
- AMulch control netting
- BOpen Weave textile
- CErosion control blanket
- DTurf reinforcement mat
- EStraw bales
- FRock Check
- GSilt Fences
35Short Term = [blank_start]Wheat Straw[blank_end] = C =[blank_start]0.03[blank_end]
Extended Term = [blank_start]Coconut and Straw[blank_end] = C = [blank_start]0.002[blank_end]
Long Term = [blank_start]Coconut[blank_end]
Permanent = [blank_start]Polypropylene[blank_end] = C = [blank_start]0.001[blank_end]- A0.001
- B0.002
- C0.03
- DWheat Straw
- ECoconut and Straw
- FCoconut
- GPolypropylene
36Compost socks are used for:
- ASediment control
- Berosion control
374 types of sediment control include:
S[blank_start]traw Bales[blank_end]
R[blank_start]ock Check[blank_end]
S[blank_start]ilt Fence[blank_end]
C[blank_start]ompost socks[blank_end]- Atraw Bales
- Bock Check
- Cilt Fence
- Dompost socks
38Soil bioengineering includesL=...
- AUsing dead plant material to stabilize slopes
- BUsing live plant material to stabilize slopes
- CUsing live plant material to stabilize slopes and provide erosion control
39Bioengineering; benefits
• Lessheavyequipment
• Can be applied before [blank_start]erosion[blank_end] expands
• Use of [blank_start]local[blank_end] materials and seed can be economical
• Installationcanbeduringofftimesof [blank_start]construction[blank_end] (spring and fall)
• Usefulonsensitiveorsteepslopes
• Provides [blank_start]immediate[blank_end] protection
• Rootsystemdriesandstrengthenssoil
• Provides improved landscape and [blank_start]habitat[blank_end] values- Aerosion
- Blocal
- Cconstruction
- Dimmediate
- Ehabitat
40Bioengineering; limitations
• Has unique requirements and may not be appropriate to all [blank_start]situations[blank_end]
• Not to be used on its own with mass-wasting sites
• Requires [blank_start]monitoring[blank_end] after installation
• Can be vulnerable to [blank_start]drought[blank_end]
• Can be [blank_start]labour[blank_end] intensive- Asituations
- Bmonitoring
- Cdrought
- Dlabour
41Drag
- ALive Fascine Bundles
- BLive Stake
42The following is an image of:
- Abranchpacking
43The following is an image of:
- Alive cribwall
44Bioengineering works best in places with less than 750mm of rain
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
45[blank_start]Streamflow[blank_end] = Baseflow + channel precip + overland flow + interflow
[blank_start]Direct flow[blank_end] = channel precip + overland flow + interflow
[blank_start]Baseflow[blank_end] = groundwater flow- ABaseflow
- BDirect flow
- CStreamflow
46Runoff: Rainfall or snow melt that does not [blank_start]infiltrate[blank_end] and is not stored in surface [blank_start]depressions[blank_end]
- Ainfiltrate
- Bdepressions
47Changes in landuse are responsible for changes in streamflow
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
48Amount of stream flow will depend on:
Storm Properties:
I[blank_start]ntensity[blank_end]
A[blank_start]mount[blank_end]
S[blank_start]nowmelt[blank_end]
D[blank_start]istribution[blank_end]
Watershed Properties:
Size
[blank_start]Soil[blank_end]
Pre-storm [blank_start]moisture[blank_end]
Land [blank_start]Cover[blank_end]
Shape
Season
Land [blank_start]Management[blank_end]- AManagement
- BCover
- Cmoisture
- DSoil
- Eistribution
- Fnowmelt
- Gntensity
- Hmount
49USLE can be used for a single event whereas MUSLE cannot
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
50Shear stress in channels is not linearly related to velocity
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
51Erosion results as a function of
- AShear Stress
- BVelocity
- CBoth are interrelated, and true
52What are the 5 detrimental effects of wind erosion:
1. [blank_start]Air[blank_end] quality, [blank_start]health[blank_end]
2. Loss of [blank_start]topsoil[blank_end]
3. Sedimentation / [blank_start]Deposition[blank_end]
4. Reduced [blank_start]visibility[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Plant[blank_end] Damage- APlant
- Bvisibility
- CDeposition
- Dtopsoil
- EAir
- Fhealth
53Wind erosion is a humid area issue
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
54Drag
- Amean velocity at height z
- Bvon carmon constant = 0.4
- Cshear velocity (slope)
- Droughness length (intercept)
55Aggregate greater than [blank_start]0.84[blank_end] mm are non-erodible
- A0.84
56IF there is sufficient vegetation canopy, a displacement height of [blank_start]0.67[blank_end] times the height of canopy must be accounted for do. Zo is approximately [blank_start]0.1[blank_end] times the height of the canopy.
- A0.1
- B0.67
57The turbulence and eddies create erosion, not the mean wind speed
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
58Creep occurs for particles greater than [blank_start]0.5[blank_end] mm
- A0.5
59Two methods of physical treatment for wind erosion are:
C[blank_start]ompaction[blank_end]
R[blank_start]idging[blank_end]
[blank_start]Structural[blank_end] barriers
A method of suppression includes:
[blank_start]Chemical[blank_end] treatment
A method of residue treatment includes:
[blank_start]Mulches[blank_end]- Aompaction
- Bidging
- CStructural
- DChemical
- EMulches
60Shelterbelt Design Summary
• Living breaks trees, shrubs, to protect agricultural areas from excessive wind
• ‘[blank_start]filter[blank_end]’ rather than [blank_start]block[blank_end] the wind
• 3 to 5 rows of [blank_start]shrubs[blank_end] and trees
• At [blank_start]right[blank_end] angles to prevailing wind
• [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] growing species closest to wind
• Spacing depends on species and rainfall, but generally 2-4 meters and such it can allow for some [blank_start]passage[blank_end] when species age
• Allow for [blank_start]fire[blank_end] break- Afilter
- Bblock
- Cshrubs
- Dright
- ELower
- Fpassage
- Gfire
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre ENVE 432, creado por B M el 15/02/2017.
- Autor
- B M
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 9
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test