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Chapter 13 (slideshow)

Amber Sufnar Brain Behavior Inglés 63 fichas

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  1. 1Long-term potentiation (LTP)occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation
    Leaves the synapse “potentiated” for a period of time and the neuron is more responsive
  2. 2Sensitizationis an increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to more intense stimuli
  3. 3Properties of LTP: Specificityonly synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened
  4. 4Properties of LTP: Cooperativitysimultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon
  5. 5Properties of LTP: Associativitypairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input
  6. 6Long-term depression (LTD)is a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others
    The opposite of LTP: as one synapse strengthens, another weakens
  7. 7Biochemical mechanisms of LTP are known to depend on changes at _________ and ____ primarily in the postsynaptic neuronglutamate,GABA
  8. 8This occurs at several types of receptor sites including the ionotropic receptors:AMPA receptors
    NMDA receptors
  9. 9LTP in hippocampal neurons occurs as follows:-Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors depolarizes the membrane
    -The depolarization removes magnesium ions that had been blocking NMDA receptors
    -Glutamate is then able to excite the NMDA receptors, opening a channel for calcium ions to enter the neuron
    -Entry of calcium through the NMDA channel triggers further changes
    -Activation of a protein sets a series of events in motion
    -More AMPA receptors are built and dendritic branching is increased
  10. 10GLutimate is an _______ inhibitor.excitatory
  11. 11Changes in the ______ neuron can also cause LTPpresynaptic
  12. 12These changes increase the later responsiveness of the _______ to incoming glutamatedendrite
  13. 13Extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of a retrograde transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell to cause the following changes:-Decrease in action potential threshold
    -Increase neurotransmitter release
    -Expansion of the axons
    -Transmitter release from additional sites
  14. 14LTP is important for certain types of learning, but as time passes, it is more dependent on the ______ ______.cerebral cortex
  15. 15________and _____enhance learning by increasing arousalCaffeine,Ritalin
  16. 16Ivan Pavlovpioneered classical conditioning in which the pairing of two stimuli changes the response to one of them
  17. 17Classical ConditioningA conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which automatically results in an unconditioned response (UCR)
  18. 18Fear conditioning (form of Classical Conditioning)-amygdala plays important role
    -all about fear
    -fear response can be transferred or related to other stimuli
    ex. Car crash and then be afraid of that intersection
  19. 19instrumental conditioning(also known as operant conditioning), responses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strengthen or weaken the behavior
    Reinforcers are events that increase the probability that the response will occur again
    Punishment are events that decrease the probability that the response will occur again
  20. 20Operant- just behaviors that are common to a animal or human.
    -they can increase or decrease based on consequences of doing the behavior.
  21. 21punishmentex.spanking
    consequence of behavior that is used to eliminate behavior.
  22. 22possitive reinforcementbehavior occurs then gets reward -reward, praise, etc…
  23. 23negative reinforcementadversive stimulus the behavior occurs then stimulus goes away
    -nagging then behavior occurs then nagging goes away.
  24. 24engramsphysical representations of what had been learned
  25. 25Lashley proposed two key principles about the nervous system: Equipotentialityall parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (e.g., learning)
  26. 26Lashley proposed two key principles about the nervous system:Mass actionthe cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better
  27. 27Retrograde nuerotransmitter that is made of gas?nitric oxide
  28. 28Richard F. Thompson et al. suggested that the engram for classical conditioning is located in the ________, not the ______.cerebellum,cortex
  29. 29Changes occur in the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) of the cerebellumResponses increase as learning proceeds
    Necessary for learning and retention
  30. 30Short-term memorymemory of events that have just occurred
    Minutes or up to three hours
  31. 31Long-term memorymemory of events from times further back
  32. 32Sensory storestages of processing where information travels in before it goes to the long-term or short-term memory. This is where memory is initially processed and registered and deemed as important and relevant in order to go into the proper memory.
  33. 33Working memoryProposed by Baddeley & Hitch as an alternative to short-term memory
    Emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time
  34. 34Declining activity of the ________ ______ in the elderly is associated with decreasing memoryprefrontal cortex
  35. 35Amnesialoss of memory
  36. 36Long-term Memory: Explicit or Declarativecan point to without a doubt and say they are memories (important to NONREM sleep)
  37. 37Explicit or Declarative :semanticfacts or details.
  38. 38Explicit or Declarative : episodichaving memory for the event where you acquired semantic memory.
  39. 39Long-term Memory: implicit or non-declarativecannot point to but influence your choices and behaviors
  40. 40implicit or non-declarative : procedural or motor memoryhow you do things. Important to REM sleep.
  41. 41implicit or non-declarative : primingprevious experiences can effect your behavior in the future
  42. 42Retrograde AmnesiaMemory loss from the time before up to the time of the event.
    the loss of memory events prior to the occurrence of the brain damage
  43. 43Anterograde AmnesiaMemory loss from the time of the event forward.
    the loss of the ability to form new memory after the brain damage
  44. 44The hippocampus is responsible for memory ____________ (implicit non-declarative memories)consolidation
  45. 45Research of the function of the hippocampus suggests that it is:-Critical for declarative memory functioning (especially episodic)
    -Especially important for spatial memory
    -Especially important for contextual learning and binding
    -Important for spatial memory
  46. 46Damage to the hippocampus also impairs abilities on spatial tasks such as: Radial mazesa subject must navigate a maze that has eight or more arms with a reinforcer at the end
  47. 47Damage to the hippocampus also impairs abilities on spatial tasks such as: Morris water maze taska rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface
  48. 48Implicit learning or habit learning depends on the _______ _______.basal ganglia
  49. 49People with Parkinson’s disease have impairments of the ______ _______ and can’t develop ______ __________.basal ganglia, implicit memory
  50. 50Brain Damage : Korsakoff’s syndromeMain feature is amnesia or memory loss
    Vitamin B1 or thiamine deficiency
    Basically starving neurons
    Cant absorb glucose without
    Symptoms include apathy, confusion, forgetting, and confabulation (taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory)
  51. 51Brain Damage: Alzheimer’s diseaseis associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory (especially declarative memory) often occurring in old age
  52. 52Dementialoss of cognitive ability
  53. 53Alzheimer’s disease is associated with an accumulation and clumping of the following brain proteins:Amyloid beta protein, which produces widespread atrophy of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and other areas
    An abnormal form of the tau protein, part of the intracellular support system of neurons
    Patterns of proteins vary
  54. 54Accumulation of the amyloid beta and tau proteins results in:Plaques: structures formed from degenerating neurons
    Tangles: structures formed from degenerating structures within a neuronal body
  55. 55Agnosiainability to recognize objects as what they are but are able to see them
  56. 56Amygdalaassociated with fear learning
  57. 57Parietal lobeassociated with piecing information together
  58. 58Prefrontal cortexlearning about rewards and punishments
  59. 59Basal ganglia, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex also involved in learningDamage to the orbitofrontal cortex results in people opting for immediate reward
  60. 60Hebbian synapseoccurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future
    Increases in effectiveness occur because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
    Such synapses may be critical for many kinds of associative learning
  61. 61Habituationis a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
    Depends upon a change in the synapse between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons
    Sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons as they did previously
  62. 62Sensitizationis an increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to more intense stimuli
  63. 63Changes at identified synapses include:Serotonin released from a facilitating neuron blocks potassium channels in the presynaptic neuron
    Prolonged release of transmitter from that neuron results in prolonged sensitization

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Brain Behavior Fichas sobre Chapter 13 (slideshow), creado por Amber Sufnar el 17/07/2013.
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Amber Sufnar
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