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Fichas del conjunto (26)
- 1Need scientists as policy makers to ensure sustainable paradigm to reduce uncertainty and resist capitalist power structure, as so far little progress. Transport policy going to change. Fear tax on basic needs provoke hostility (think France)Carter 2007
- 2Bridge sustainable development with governance. Paradigms affect how you see governance. Multi-actors in different times and locations. Coordinated network = decentralized approach. Decline in state power =/= changing capitalist system. Doesn't believe in a grand governance theory, as it is messy. Private held accountable by their stakeholders, who assist the implementation process.Jordan 2008
- 3Hybrid governance required to share knowledge and participate. To ensure distribution of benefits. BUT, might have a bias view indication of power - pushing own agenda - cynicsm Market involvement as state inefficient Developed countries responsible for climate impacts. NGOs aid policy process by monitoring and using own scientific knowledge.LEMOS, C. AND AGRAWAL, A. 2006.
- 4Bureaucratic societies require consisted monitoring of systems, so resilient to change, several ranges of scale which are not linear need to manage consumption behaviour towards achieving sustainable actions.HOLLING, C.S. and MEFFE, G.K. 1996
- 5Mechanism depends on the environmental problem • Mix of EI and C&C, to exceed policy-makers’ original expectationsHARRINGTON, W. and MORGENSTERN R.D. 2004.
- 6Governance can compete, merge, complement and replacement government, so need to go beyond existing theories. Need trial and error; state to work alongside non-state actors, change relationship, blur governance, government and regulation. Two extremes of government state: single state or self-organising Regulation provides support for other instruments. VAs complex to negotiate across borders, experience implementation problemsJORDAN, A., WURZEL, R.K.W. AND ZITO, A. 2005.
- 7Promote confidence through evidence based decisions. Transparency tackles corruption, accountability, private sector getting off lightly. Power imbalances and conflicting norms, as governance doesn't solve problems, just copes with then. BUT disclosure better than nothing.GUPTA, A. 2010.
- 8Pollution information spur better performance by pre-empting regulation. Citizen's ideologies: compel industries to perform well. More liberal state, had lib liberal policies = risk reductionSTEPHAN, M. 2002.
- 9Leon in Mexico VA had little impact on water quality improvement. VAs created an appearance of doing good - deflected public pressure. HOWEVER< VAs lacked capacity to work, no strict enforcement or management as there where gaps in legal system. Need a range of structures to ensure compliance, threat with C&C otherwise.BLACKMAN, A. AND SISTO, N.P. 2005.
- 10Created an equation for VEP effectiveness • VEP not affect polluting industries in the same way as regulation • VEP better for small environmental improvements that are relatively cheapBORCK, J.C. and COGLIANESE, C. 2008.
- 11Clear links in policy cycle, but policies are diverse/compete and overlap. Rooted ideologies and history effect policy participation - understand origins - conflict knowledge. Policy determined by power and knowledge. Talk about agriculture in Ethiopia:, Promote tech to boost food production vs low input conservation agriculture. Changes through fragmentation.KEEELEY, J. and SCOONES, I. 2000.,
- 12Prescriptive: analyse how to make a policy so public demands are put into government action o Unrealistic difficult to describe a meaningful model to policy-makers straightforwardly • Continuously cycle through stages, policy making is not a single eventCAIRNEY, P. 2013.
- 13Multi-actors using the resource can affect the outcome • Works across disciplinary lines, linking broader contextual variable to situation variables to understand how social and ecological factors effect human behaviour Some variables are more important that others, depends on research type • Need to develop methods to study evolution over timeOSTROM, E. 2011.
- 14New actors to make sense of current socio-political transformations, which fragments current governance systems. Governance has to co-exist horizontally and vertically = new definition => some degree of self-regulation. Who holds private actors accountable? Transnational actors like the IPCC can seek to balance view and interestBIERMANN, F. AND PATTBERG, P. 2008.
- 15Coordinate action with multiple actors for specific issue area, reflect public pressure. 20th century economic private governance emerged., restructured state function; state failed to govern natural resources Shift in ideology and authority; strengthened liberal paradigm- who holds private to account? Shift is not orderly, but complex and interdependence between private and public actors. Activists shape global actionFALKNER, R. 2003.
- 16To solve problems need co-management across scales – no longer a hierarchy overcome mismatch Mediate between tradition and modernism. Analysing complex human behaviour can be ignored because it is too tricky to fathom. Asymmetry of info in Tobago led to new network to share Require coordination and complementary expertise to cross knowledge over the boundaries • When scalar and linkage problems are addressed with sustainable solutions = successful managementCASH, D. ET AL. 2006.
- 17NGOs changes dynamics to pursue goals. BUT, enforce scales they are trying to reconfigure. Need flexibility to broaden and not focus on one single scale conception. Does involvement of NGOs mean more or less democracy? Capitalism interwoven - need to encompass this struggleMcCARTHY, J. 2005.
- 18One state, multi, or adaptive governance. Interdisciplinary approach helps address all scales sustainable issues and globalization Public goods issues arise from mismatch at the boundaries of government authorities Improve design of governance by understanding complexities, norms, evaluation of governance systems Co-existence of approaches – both tradition and innovation are correct and can merge to allow varietyTERMEER, J.A.M, ET AL. 2010.
- 19Shell vs North Mayo Ireland Activism comes from perceived risks and linked to emerging political conflicts over society and globalisation Social movements evolve and have a historical context – the nature of human society Easier to mobilise present grievances in contrast to temporal, as they might not be easily solved Community framing of the problem continually shifted with new knowledge – reflected on culture, as they had the threat of a large business taking that from them - want to defend causes resistance of outsider Environmental discourse in the background of extra concernsGARAVAN, M. 2007.
- 20Collaborative decision works best when the group is small and homogeneous, but this doesn’t = representation – might be selfish Lack of representation and authority are key to why it may backfire and left dissatisfied. Papillion Creek unsuccessfulIRVIN R.A. and STANSBURY, J. 2004.
- 21Azerbaijan: juggling resource wealth (huge revenues) with instability, used EITI to promote distrubtion of revenues within the country – to guarantee benefits for the community Citizens scrutinize contracts between gov and industry to maximise contribution to sustainable development Lack of long term participation has meant reliance on charitable support Land used as leverage in negotiations – IIED’s tools to help local groups that are facing threat to their land access, Mali used to empower communities New communication technologies combined with traditional media – empower citizen journalism o Green-hotlines in Nigeria text message about ecological and human rights abuses o GPS assist indigenous groups to map out tribal land rightsWILSON, E. ET AL. 2009.
- 22Participation in science is seen as resistance against perceived scientization of politics, to produce own knowledge – new relationship between science and citizens Triangular science-politics interface: experts, policy-makers and citizens – all 3 are actors Exploitation of scientific uncertainty inhibits sustainable managements and science loses its credibility Civic science participation, representation and democratizationBACKSTRAND, K. 2003.
- 23Risk underlines modern environmental regulation • Risk is deeply woven in cultural values and beliefs concerning agency, causation and uncertainty, it is only accessible to experts and constructed out of history and experience Risk is constructed from knowledge and how we see the environment, our relationship with it o often it is assumed that environmental risks will resonate in the same way with everyone Intertwine science with politics in the decision-making process. Need the ability to go back to initial problem frames – require flexibility Risk =/= power/superiority, need open-mindedness, and understand its provisional statusJASONOFF, S. 1999.
- 24Political reluctance to go above and beyond • Environment, society and economics is a nested model Credible studies behind not crossing these boundaries: climate change, ocean acidification, change in land use Many knowledge gaps in regards to risk, enable societies to become resource efficient, sustainable and wealthyGRIGGS, D. et al. 2013.
- 25Human activity is affecting Earth systems – zone of uncertainty highlights increasing risk • Explore cross-scalar interactions and regional heterogeneity of boundary processes Develop science to understand these thresholds – need time for society to respond • Doesn’t identify social implications, changes in economy, or methods to prevent exceeding the planetary boundariesSTEFFEN, W. et al. 2015.
- 26Too much emphasis on GDP, exploiting natural resources benefits are not evenly distributed. Studying economics changes behaviour, assumes everyone is selfish, when actually humans can cooperate There is a lot of uncertainty in the real world do to human action • We are part of nature’s cycle not a separate entity link with Cash human and ecological mismatch scalesRAWORTH, K. 2017.
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