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lectures 2
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- 1Hudson & Rapee designed a test to see how controlling a parent is. explain the design(clinically anxious and non clinically anxious) children got a difficult cognitive task, parents could help out whenever they felt like they needed to. example: child got a couple of letters and had to guess the word, if the parent felt like the kid needed another letter then they could give one to make it easier.
- 2results of this experimentanxious children got more help and more negativity ('come on, you can do it').
the mothers of clinical children were less involved with non clinically anxious children --> type of child also affects parenting style. their different temperament thus leads to a different world. - 3attachment, definitiona deep, reciprocal, physical and emotional relationship between a parent and a child that is permanent. This relationship forms the basis for all future intimate and trusting relationships.
- 4there were four prominent attachment styles in the strange situation experiment. explanation of a reaction when the mother came back with a secure attachmentgreet and/or approach the caregiver and may maintain contact but are able to return to play
- 5explanation of reaction when the mother came back of child with an insecure/avoidant (/dismissive) attachmentfail to greet and/or approach, appear oblivious to their caregiver’s return and remain focused on toys, essentially avoiding the caregiver.
- 6explanation of reaction when the mother came back of child with an insecure/resistant (/anxious preoccupied?) attachmentare extremely distressed by the separations and cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver.
- 7explanation of reaction when the mother came back of child with a disorganized (/fearful avoidant) attachmentbehavior with characteristics of both types of insecure attachment. On the one hand, they seek an approach to the parent, while at the same time this causes stress and anxiety.
- 8how stable is this attachment style from infancy to adulthood?64% stays the same
- 9according to Gilbert, we have three different systems (+ explanation)1. soothing system: to manage distress and promote bonding. (here lies the problem for insecure attachment style)
2. drive system: to motivate us towards resources.
3. threat system: threat detection and protection. - 10the way you behave on the axes of the interpersonal circumplex of Pincus, Lukowitsky & Wright is very much related to interpersonal schemata (e.g. negative self-schemata). explanation of this circumplex
- 11social status theory of social anxietysocial anxiety is a defensive behavior, a reaction to perceived social status. Submissive behavior is safe, it prevents interpersonal conflict with more dominant group members.
- 12there was an experiment on submissive behaviour in social anxiety disorder group and control group, in a low anxiety situation and a high anxiety situation. results?SAD group: always higher submissive behaviour, but especially in high anxiety situation.
- 13explanation of how social anxiety can lead to social rejectionsocial anxiety has (oa) two consequences:
1. self-focused attention
2. negative beliefs
both lead to worse social performance, which can lead to social rejection. - 14there was an experiment done on people with social anxiety to see whether they don't want social contact or whether they are just enable to really engage in a conversation. design?Phase 1: waiting room. Experiment had started, another student (actor) came in and said something small (“it’s cold outside isn’t it?”) --> don’t have to engage.
Phase 2: had to get to know the other student for three minutes. You have to introduce yourself to the other person --> forced to engage.
Measured openness of participant (also by looking at keeping jacket on) and desire for future contact (would you want to be their roommate? Would you mind being on the bus with them for three hours). - 15results of this experiment?people with SAD scored lower on both openness and desire for future contact (than no-SAD participants), but their scores were better during phase two (when they had to engage). thus, they know how to keep a conversation going, they just don't do it.
- 16depression interpersonal model by coynedysphoria --> seeking reassurance --> others attempt to cheer them up --> not succeeding in cheering up --> reassurance --> subtle rejection (were fed up with it; avoiding the person, getting annoyed) --> increases need for reassurance --> open rejection. It becomes a vicious circle from searching for reassurance and rejection.
- 17four forms of exposure therapy1. in vivo exposure (including cue exposure)
2. imaginal exposure (including written and narrative)
3. virtual reality exposure
4. interoceptive exposure - 18three types of disorders for which exposure is primarily indicated1. anxiety disorders
2. obsessive-compulsive disorders
3. trauma-related disorders - 19explanation of in vivo exposure vs. imaginal exposurein vivo: directly facing a feared object, situation, or activity in real life.
imaginal: vividly imagining the feared object, situation, or activity (possibly by explaining the story aloud). - 20cue exposure therapy (= in vivo) explanationExposure with response prevention to unlearn learned craving responses to e.g. food stimuli. Eating disorders and obesity with binge eating and/or over-eating. Contra-indications: low weight, anorexia. Findings for problematic substance use are unclear.
- 21explanation of interoceptive exposure and virtual reality exposure therapyinteroceptive: Deliberately bringing on physical sensations that are harmless, yet feared. E.g. jogging when racing heartbeat is feared. (Main indication is panic disorder.)
virtual reality: facing fear using virtual reality technology when in vivo exposure is not practical (e.g. flying or war). - 225 possible costs of therapist drift- Patient’s problems are maintained or worsened (e.g. by permitting avoidance)
- Increased negative attitudes to therapy (e.g. unhelpful)
- Increased hopelessness about recovery
- Increased feelings of incompetence and decreased work satisfaction in therapists
- Wasted (scarce) treatment resources
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- university MAPD exam 2 Fichas sobre lectures 2, creado por Sabine - el 24/03/2022.
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