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Chapter 4: Upper Limbs

jamiecarrigan Radiography 1st year Inglés 132 fichas

Chapter 4: Upper Limbs

Fichas del conjunto (132)

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  16. 165 main parts of the upper limb-hand
    -wrist
    -forearm
    -humerus
    -shoulder girdle
  17. 17How many bones are in each hand?27 bones
  18. 18How many phalanges are in each hand?14 phalages
  19. 19How many metacarpals are in each hand?5 metacarpals
  20. 20How many carpals are in each wrist?8 carpals
  21. 21What is another name for your fingers and thumb? (besides phalanges)digits
  22. 22How many phalanges does each finger have?3 phalanges: distal, middle, and proximal
  23. 23How many phalanges does each thumb have?2 phalanges: distal and proximal
  24. 24What are the 3 parts of the metacarpal bones called?head, body (shaft), and base
  25. 25What are the 5 joints in the hand and wrist?-interphalangeal joint (IP)
    -distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)
    -proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
    -metacarpal phalangeal joint (MCP)
    -carpometacarpal phalangeal joint (CMC)
  26. 26Name the carpal bones in the proximal row-schaphoid
    -lunate
    -triquetrum
    -pisiform
  27. 27Name the carpal bones in the distal row-trapezium
    -trapizoid
    -capitate
    -hamate
  28. 28Which carpal bone is the largest?capitate
  29. 29What is a mnemonic to remember the first letters of the carpal bones?-Steve Left The Party To Take Carol Home
    -Send Letter Letter To Peter To Tell'em (to) Come Home
  30. 30In the anatomic position where is the radius located?lateral
  31. 31In the anatomic position where is the ulna located?medial
  32. 32What is located on the distal end of the radius?styloid process
  33. 33What is located at the proximal end of the radius?-radial head
    -radial neck
    -radial tuberosity
  34. 34What is located at the distal end of the ulna?-styloid process
    -ulnar head
  35. 35What is located at the proximal end of the ulna?-olecranon process
    -coronoid process
    -trochlear notch
  36. 36What 3 bones is the elbow composed of?-radius
    -ulna
    -humerus
  37. 37What are 4 parts of the humerus called at the elbow?-epicondyles
    -condyles
    -trochlea
    -capitulum
  38. 38What bone does the trochlea have a medial articulation with?ulna
  39. 39What bone does the capitulum have a lateral articulation with?radius
  40. 40At what degree is a true lateral elbow bent?90 degrees
  41. 41What 3 arches appear when the elbow is flexed at 90 degrees?-Trochlear sulcus
    -Capitulum/trochlea
    -Trochlear notch of the ulna
  42. 42Which way does the wrist bend on an ulnar deviation?toward the ulna side
  43. 43What anatomy does the ulnar deviation help visualize?-schaphoid
    -bones on radial side
  44. 44Which way does the wrist bend on a radial deviation?toward the radius side
  45. 45What anatomy does the radial deviation help visualize?bones on the ulna side
  46. 46On an AP elbow x-ray how should the radius and ulna be positioned?partially superimposed
  47. 47On a lateral rotation for an elbow how should the radius and ulna be positioned?separated
  48. 48On a medial rotation of an elbow x-ray how should the radius and ulna be positioned?superimposed
  49. 49When the normal position or shape of a fat pad has changed, its usually the result of what?joint effusion (fluid accumulation) that indicates disease or injury
  50. 50Where are the fat pads located in the wrist?scaphoid and lateral
  51. 51Where are the fat pads located in the elbow?anterior and posterior
  52. 52What kind of contrast scale do fat pads need to be demonstrated?long scale contrast (kVp would need to be increased)
  53. 53Which contrast scale is normal for upper extremities?short scale contrast
  54. 54How many inches should your SID be set to for upper extremities?40" SID
  55. 55What should your kVp be set at for upper extremities?50-70 kVp
  56. 56Is the focal spot going to be large or small for upper extremities?small focal spot (better detail)
  57. 57Do you shield your patient for upper extremity x-rays?YES ALWAYS!
  58. 58For a fiber glass cast on an arm, how much higher would you raise the kVp?3-4 kVp or 25% mAs
  59. 59For a plaster cast (small or medium) on an arm, how much higher would you raise your kVp?5-7 kVp or 50% mAs
  60. 60For a large plaster cast on the arm, how much higher would you raise your kVp?8-10 kVp or 100% mAs
  61. 61Bone Metscancerous lesions transferred from another organ
  62. 62Bursitisinflamed fluid-filled joint sacsBursitis
  63. 63Fracturebreak in the bone
  64. 64Barton's fracturefracture and dislocation of the posterior lib of the distal radiusBarton's fracture
  65. 65Multiple myelomaMost common type of primary malignant tumor occurring in bone
  66. 66osteoporosisreduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue
  67. 67Skier's thumbsprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligamentSkier's thumb
  68. 68Achondroplasiaan abnormality of the cartilage affecting long bone
  69. 69Boxer's fracturetransverse fracture extending through the distal aspect of the metacarpal neck, most often the fifth metacarpalBoxer's fracture
  70. 70Osteopetrosishereditary condition marked by abnormally dense bone; mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions
  71. 71Colles fracturetransverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragmentColles fracture
  72. 72Osteomyelitisinfection of the bone or bone marrow that may be caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery. Soft tissue swelling and loss of fat pad detail visibility
  73. 73Carpal tunnel syndromeresults from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist; possible calcification in the carpal sulcusCarpal tunnel syndrome
  74. 74Osteoarthritis (aka degenerative joint disease)Narrowing of joint space with periosteal growths on the joint margins
  75. 75Bennett's fracturefracture of the base of the first metacarpal boneBennett's fracture
  76. 76Smith's fracturereverse of Colles' fracture, or transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorlySmith's fracture
  77. 77Paget's disease (aka osteitis)characterized by bone destruction followed by a reparative process of overproduction of very dense yet soft bones that tend to fracture easily.Paget's disease (aka osteitis)
  78. 78Rheumatoid arthritisa chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissuesRheumatoid arthritis
  79. 79Bone neoplasiarefers to bone tumors or neoplasms
  80. 80Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)second most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor
  81. 81Ewings's sarcomacommon primary malignant tumor in children and young adults that arises from bone marrow
  82. 82Chondrosarcomaslow-growing malignant tumor of the cartilage
  83. 83Enchondromaslow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor
  84. 84Osteochondroma (exotosis)most common type of benign bone tumor
  85. 85For Skier's thumb what type of radiographic positioning would you do?PA bilateral stress projection thumbs (Folio Method)
  86. 86For carpal tunnel sydrome what type of radiographic positioning would you do?PA and lateral wrist; Gaynor-Hart Method
  87. 87What views do you do for an normal finger x-ray?AP, Oblique, Lateral
  88. 88What views do you do for a normal thumb x-ray?AP, Oblique, Lateral
  89. 89What views do you do for a normal hand x-ray?PA, Oblique, Lateral
  90. 90What views do you do for a normal wrist x-ray?PA, Oblique, Lateral
  91. 91What views do you do for a normal forearm x-ray?AP, Lateral
  92. 92What views do you do for a normal elbow x-ray?AP, External oblique, Internal oblique, Lateral
  93. 93Which carpal bone is the most commonly fractured?scaphoid
    -Distal: 20%
    -Waist: 70%
    -Proximal: 10%
  94. 94What does the term VARUS mean?turned inward
  95. 95The coronoid process should be in profile of which position?medial oblique
  96. 96What is the bone proximal to the carpal bones?radial styloid process
  97. 97Which metacarpal does the trapezium articulate with?first metacarpal
  98. 98All fat pads are demonstrated in what position?lateral
  99. 99What size cassette do you use for a finger or thumb x-ray?18 X 24
  100. 100What size cassette do you use for a hand x-ray?24 X 30
  101. 101What size cassette do you use for a wrist x-ray?18 X 24
  102. 102What size cassette do you use for a forearm x-ray?30 X 35 for smaller patients
    35 X 43 for long forearms
  103. 103What size cassette do you use for an elbow x-ray?24 X 30
  104. 104If you set the cassette crosswise on an elbow x-ray, how many exposure do you take?2
  105. 105If you set the cassette lengthwise on an elbow x-ray, how many exposures do you take?1
  106. 106On finger x-rays, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor and to the PIP joint (proximal interphalangeal)
  107. 107On thumb x-rays, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor and directed to the first MCP joint (metacarpophalangeal)
  108. 108On an AP axial projection (modified Robert's method) of the thumb, where should the central ray be located?directed 15 degrees proximally (toward wrist), entering the first CMC joint (carpometacarpal joint)
  109. 109For a PA projection of the hand, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to image receptor, directed to third MCP joint (metacarpophalangeal)
  110. 110In the "fan" lateral-lateromedial projection of the hand, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to second MCP joint (metacarpophalangeal)
  111. 111On a lateral in extension and flexion-lateromedial projection of the hand, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to the second to fifth MCP joints (metacarpophalangeal)
  112. 112For the PA, AP, oblique (lateral rotation), radial deviation, and lateral (lateromedial) projections of the wrist, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to the midcarpal area
  113. 113On a PA and PA axial scaphoid with ulnar deviation of the wrist, where should the central ray be located?scaphoid
  114. 114At what degree(s) should the angle on the central ray be for a PA and PA axial scaphoid with ulnar deviation?10-15 degrees
  115. 115On a PA schaphoid - hand elevated and ulnar deviation (modified stecher method) x-ray of the wrist, where should the central ray be located?perpendicular to the image receptor and directed to the scaphoid
  116. 116For the carpal canal (tunnel) projection of the wrist (Gaynor-Hart method), where should the central ray be located?2-3 cm (1 in) distal to the base the third metacarpal (center of palm)
  117. 117How many degrees should the central ray be angled on a carpal canal (tunnel) (Gaynor-Hart method) of the wrist?25-30 degrees
  118. 118How many degrees should the central ray be angled on a carpal bridge projection of the wrist?45 degrees
  119. 119Where is the central ray located on a carpal bridge projection of the wrist?midpoint of the distal forearm about 4 cm proximal to wrist joint
  120. 120Where is the central ray located on a forearm x-ray?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to the mid-forearm
  121. 121Where is the central ray located for an AP (fully extended), AP (can't fully extend), AP oblique-lateral (external rotation), and an AP oblique-medial (internal rotation)?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to mid elbow joint (approximately 2 cm distal to midpoint of line between the epicondyles as viewed from the x-ray tube)
  122. 122Where is the central ray located on a lateral-lateromedial elbow projection?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to mid elbow joint (approximately 4 cm medial to easily palpated posterior surface of olecranon process)
  123. 123Where is the central ray located on an acute flexion projection of the elbow on the distal humerus?perpendicular to the image receptor and humerus, directed to a point midway between epicondyles
  124. 124Where is the central ray located on an acute flexion projection of the elbow on the proximal forearm?perpendicular to the forearm (angled as needed), directed to a point approximately 2 in proximal or superior to olecranon process
  125. 125Where is the central ray located on a trauma axial lateral projection of an elbow?45 degrees from shoulder, into mid elbow joint
  126. 126Where is the central ray located on a radial head lateral projection of the elbow?perpendicular to the image receptor, directed to radial head
  127. 127In an oblique position the hand is usually angled at how many degrees?45 degrees
  128. 128What is another name for an AP axial projection of the thumb?modified Robert's method
  129. 129On the carpal tunnel projection of the wrist, what 2 carpal bones should be separated an visible without superimposition?pisiform and hamate
  130. 130What is another name for the carpal tunnel projection?Gaynor-Hart method
  131. 131What is another name for the trauma axial lateral projections of the elbow?Coyle method
  132. 132Which projection do you have to increase kVp? And by how much?Coyle method (trauma axial lateral projection of the elbow); 4-6 kVp because of angled central ray

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1st year Radiography Fichas sobre Chapter 4: Upper Limbs, creado por jamiecarrigan el 01/10/2015.
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